Marketing and Variable Cost Variances Essay

(a) Refer to the Kinkead templates provided on the unit website. Template (A) calculates the market size, market share, sales mix, sales price and variable cost variances for each product and, Template (B) calculates the market size, market share, sales price, and variable cost variances for each product. Which analysis is most appropriate for Kinkead? A or B? Give reasons. Templete (b) What strategy is electric meters and electric instruments pursuing? ‘Dog’, ‘Cash cow’, ‘Star’, or ‘Question mark’. Analysing the relationship between the BCG matrix and the product of Kinkead, market share and market growth are the considerable reason to measure. Kinkead’s products are grouped into two main product lines which are electric meters(EM) and electric instruments(EI). First, for the EM product, according to template, the variance of the size of the market is unfavorable, the size of the market because their budget is 800000, but the actual market size of 650000, it does not implement the expectations. The EM market share difference to 0, with 10% constant of the actual and budgeted position, it will not change. Therefore, they are a cash cow. Therefore, EM is the Cash Cow. Additionally, the Kinkead has been a leading Australia firm, and EM is the older but still dominant technology. Followed by EI table EI of the variance of the size of the market for 374,464 budgets, the size of the market for 250,000, lower than the actual market size of 363,500, more than expected. The market share variance is 241,321 Unfavorable which has decrease from 10% to 8%. Therefore, EI is question mark. In addition, EI’s future is uncertain, because from the case it says EI technology is new and still experimental. (c) What aspects of performance are important for a product pursuing each of those strategies and which variances reflect those aspects of performance? (d) Critically evaluate the performance of the two divisions.

The Downfall of Victor Frankenstein

He was cared for and loved by his parents, as Is shown when he says â€Å"They seemed to draw Inexhaustible stores of affection from a very mine of love to bestow upon me† (Shelley 22). Victor also lived comfortably and without poverty, his parents even so much as taking In another child. With Elizabeth now In the family, he also learned about morals and responsibility, as shown when he states, â€Å"l, with childish seriousness. Interpreted her words literally and looked upon Elizabeth as mine – mine to protect, eve, and cherish† (Shelley 23) Victor was adequately raised with the right morals and an understanding of responsibility.Victor Frankincense's sudden deterioration of character begins as his mother's health fades away and when he begins attending the university of Magnolias. It is proved that his mental state is unbalanced when he states, â€Å"My internal being was in a state of insurrection and turmoil† (Shelley 36). As his mental health becomes unstable, he then becomes obsessed with science, making it his highest priority, even above his own health and family. Victor then suddenly became consumed with the concept of creating life artificially, and of the elixir of life.Although Victor does succeed in his dream of creating life, he is soon horrified at the sight of what he has created. He is not proud of the Creature, but disgusted at the sight of it, stating, â€Å"the beauty of the dream had vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart† (Shelley 57) Victor abandons his creation and leaving it to fend for itself, indirectly causing the murders of loved ones n account of his own shallowness, selfishness, vanity, and disregard of moral responsibility.As the novel progresses, Victor becomes concerned only for his well- being, and does not hide his contempt for the Creature. Both Victor's self-serving attitude and ego shines through when he Is more concerned for his own life, than the life of Justice's, when he condescendingly states, â€Å"†¦ I have confessed myself guilty of the crimes ascribed to Justine, but such a declaration would have been considered he ravings of a madman† (Shelley 66) Victor also shows no consideration In holding his contempt for the Creature, and the Creature becomes painfully aware of his creator's feelings towards him.

Analyzing a Political Campaign Advertisement Essay

Analyzing a Political Campaign Advertisement - Essay Example In the video it is even stated that â€Å"No one has been more consistent† which suggests the very same. He has stuck to his guns for a long period of time and would not defer his stance to someone else. Ron Paul believes in good governance which can only be attained when there is unity of purpose and thought. The audience gets manipulated by the stance that has been manifested by Ron Paul. Argument The argument for this video campaign ad emanates from the fact that Ron Paul wants the audience to believe that whatever problems there are within America today are because of the leaders who have said one thing and gone about adopting a totally opposite route. Ron Paul firmly believes in the premise that now is the time to make amends and elect people like him who will bring a fresh change and new perspective to the fold. The advertisement seems credible due to its authentic use of the information and statistics. Also quotes have been made use of which provide credibility to the e ntire cause of the Ron Paul campaign. Ron Paul has added sources within the advertisement to show that he means business and that his opponents have failed to deliver within the thick of things. The advertisement concerns more on the opposition yet the candidate has made his representation clear as well. Ron Paul is a name to reckon with and he has shown this through his advertisement. What is most important is how well he has struck a contrast between himself and the opposition that exists around him. The image/persona that the candidate is trying to portray is that of a true and genuine leader who speaks the correct thing at all times. He is a visionary who believes in making his point clear through logic and sound reasoning. The best part about his image/persona is that he has stuck to what he thought in the past and carried it forward with the advent of time. The candidate Ron Paul is trying his best to appeal to traditional American values and for that he has taken a stance to stick to what he was preaching in the past as well. He does not want to build a new America as such but wants to change beliefs through solid actions and practical steps which remain significant on any given day. The facial expressions of the candidate are of pain and anguish. He has felt worse about the present day American affairs and these are demonstrated on his face. His emotions are therefore filled with sorrow but his eyes are focused on something good that is about to come for the Americans. The emotion of the advertisement gives the viewers the impression that if they choose Ron Paul, they will decide their better future and would see light at the end of the tunnel easily. As far as color aspects are concerned, the video makes use of the colors which depict the American flag more than any other colors to give a very subliminal message that Ron Paul believes in the American premise more than anything else. The montage gives a very personal look and feel about the candidate. This is because his past works and recollections are displayed in the montage and viewers have a fair enough idea regarding his past undertakings, actions and statements. The candidate is portrayed here through a direct contrast of the opponents and then what he suggested some years back to what he is saying in the present day and age. The emotional appeal of the video

Qualitative social research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualitative social research - Essay Example Observations techniques, an example of a qualitative data gathering tool, can yield more candid results which can be more reliable than survey questionnaires in this kind of study. Creswell (2003) lists a number of qualitative procedures and also presents a number of characteristics of the said method. He describes qualitative research as taking place in the natural setting, in the home, office, community etc. of the participant. In such manner, the participant or the subject is more comfortable and is acting more naturally than when he is kept in a holding room for observation. The methods used to determine the conditions and situations of the participant or subject being researched is multiple. An observation method is usually coupled with an interview such that the observations of the researcher will be validated to remove researcher bias. It is also more flexible in as much as human nature is also flexible. And to top it all, the view rendered by a qualitative research is holistic, taking to consideration not only the individual or subject being researched but also the other things and factors that affect it. The March 2009 issue of the Tamara Journal of Critical Organisation Inquiry contains several articles discussing new and emerging issues in qualitative research. Among the issues discussed are reflexivity, role of the researcher, flexibility of the qualitative research process, voyeurism and ethical considerations. The transformational leader as pedagogue, physician, architect, commander, and saint: Five root metaphors in Jack Welchs letters to stockholders of General Electric. By: Amernic, Craig and Tourish Dec 2007 This article discusses how the letters of Welch has contributed to the understanding of his type of leadership. This is an example of a content analysis with the goal of determining the behavior of a

SUEERIZE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SUEERIZE - Essay Example Xavantes have since then, perfectly secured themselves from outside attacks, though the nature is too difficult to cope with. The economic strength of a nation restricts the conservation. Poor countries are not very conscious about environment and generally look for technological advancement and education, food, health and safety. International agencies help poor countries unite their conservation programs with their economy. Organization of the â€Å"debt for nature swap† in 1987 helped Bolivia get $650,000 as debt for 160,000 sq m of forest. These days, the very area serves as a biposphere reserve. There is a complete ecosystem whose central zone is so carefully controlled that interference is not possible. Nonetheless, it is permissible to conduct research in the transition zone. In order to provide the ecosystem with complete security, a buffer zone is added. Such ecosystems in the whole world are above 250 in number.

Absolutism and Limited Monarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Absolutism and Limited Monarchy - Essay Example riod in England where parliament of England was known to have strong political interests in the country and this threatened the monarch (Duiker and Spielvogel, 2006). France and central Europe had strong Catholic roots and hence the Protestants who were known to interfere with monarchy system had no voice. These countries also had strong traditional sources of revenue that they used to run their monarch and this made even the nobility and other political interests in their countries to be at their mercy. This too place in around 1850s and it tossed aside the option of having a limited monarch (Perry, Chase, Jacob, Jacob and Von Laue, 2008). Compare the classical absolutism of Louis XIV in France with one other ruler, Kangxi of China who ruled from 1661 to 1722, Peter the Great of Russia who ruled from 1689 - 1725, or Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor who ruled India from 1658-1707. Both Louis XIV of France and Kangxi of China ruled using â€Å"iron hands.† They were the two longest serving absolutist rulers in their respective countries and this way possible due to their ruling style and dictatorship manner. They both had wealth from the revenues they collected from their countries and from the countries they went to war with and they both had their religious issues and even political issues in check and hence avoiding any disruption of their ruling (Duiker and Spielvogel, 2010). All absolutist leaders including Louis XIV had monetary stability to rule. The funds enabled them command even the military to fight enemies, conquer areas and put wealthy people at their service. They also had almost similar goals and tough rules that made them strong and relentless in their ruling. The difference however came in their personal life and how they had been raised up. Some had tough childhoods like Kangxi but others like Louis XIV and XV had it smooth and hence this affected how they imposed their ruling (McNeese,

Glass Ceiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Glass Ceiling - Essay Example Having men and women as full partners will improve organizational performance by diversifying communication and decision-making styles that can lead to enhanced management processes and organizational outcomes. Male and female law firm partners have distinct communication styles that can improve how decisions are made in the company, which can boost collaboration and networking that, in turn, will consequently boost morale and firm performance. The American society continues to generally follow a gendered approach to parenting and educating children. Traditional institutions teach gender differences in values and expectations, where women are generally brought up to be empathetic and passive in communication and collaborative and seeking harmony when making decisions, while men are usually trained to be direct, aggressive, and competitive in communication and logical and rules-based in making decisions (Parcheta et al., 2013, p.244). Evans actually seems to balance masculine and feminine communication and styles because the Associates Committee either sees her as too passive or too aggressive. Either way, she brings in her own way of thinking, speaking, and interacting that can enrich how the firm manages the business and attracts clientele. If she is promoted, this will have a positive morale-boosting effect on female attorneys and encourage many of them to also aspire for partnership status. As they do so, these female lawyers will work harder and be more productive, thereby improving total firm performance. Aside from bringing in new communication style, having women as full partners can enhance decision-making in the company. Bear and Woolley (2011) mentioned the 2010 study of Woolley et al., where the latter found out that having women in groups increased collective intelligence because women boost social sensitivity, turn-taking, and empathy in group

Apital punishment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apital punishment - Research Paper Example Of the developed western countries, only the United States continues to actively practice capital punishment, and this varies significantly between different states. History of capital punishment Prior to the 18th-century, capital punishment was prevalent in England for a range of types of crime, including theft and assault. However, as power shifted towards a parliamentary system, and away from the monarch having sole power, the use of capital punishment decreased. This was partly driven by a desire to see more democracy, and also because the death penalty was becoming ineffective at reducing crime rates (Lieberman 200-203). At this time the list of crimes that were punishable by death was so extensive that enforcing the law was difficult and often impossible. Because the only option for those convicted of capital crimes was death, many were released or recommended for royal pardon, based on compassion (Lieberman 209). Consequently, the use of capital punishment began to decrease, a nd there was an increase in the rate at which criminals were imprisoned In southern France 1977, a Tunisian worker was killed by guillotine as the result of a conviction of murder. While there was nothing significant about the conviction itself, this was the last time that an individual was executed through capital punishment in Western Europe in the 20th century. This trend was prevalent throughout the world, and in the same year only two people were put to death in the United States (Zimring 15-16). The worldwide perception of capital punishment has changed throughout the decades. Initially, Europe believed that the presence of the death penalty was the decision of the individual nation. However, since 2000 Europe has placed a strong emphasis on the human rights aspect of capital punishment, believing the use of the death penalty to be a violation of human rights (Zimring 17). Capital punishment in the United States The occurrence of capital punishment within the United States of America remains an issue of significant moral, political and legal relevance. America is the only developed nation in the western world that continues to use capital punishment as a legal means of punishing criminals (Zimring viii). The use of capital punishment in the United States is varied, and some states actively use the death penalty, while others have abolished it altogether. While the number of people sentenced to death has been dramatically increasing, the same trend has not been observed in number of people executed (Zimring 6). The history of capital punishment in the United States is surprising and unpredictable. In the 1950s and 1960s the pattern of executions followed that of the rest of the western world, with a steadily decreasing number of deaths by capital punishment per year. By 1965, this figure had decreased to less than ten executions each year. A moratorium was released on capital punishment in 1972, which lasted until 1970. However, from 1970 to the present d ay, the nationwide rates of capital punishment have been increasing, and they currently resemble the rates that occurred prior to the moratorium (Zimring 6-7). Capital punishment shows substantial variation across the states. Thirty-eight states have legal statutes that allow the death penalty, although several of these have not executed an individual for decades. Furthermore, variation among the states that practice the death penalty is significant. In 2000, 40 people were executed in the state of Texas, out of the 85 executions that occurred across the nation (Zimring 7). One significant change that has occurred in the death penalty since its inception is the movement

Employee Voice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employee Voice - Essay Example This calls for change in organizations’ strategies to enable the organization to respond to the changes in a timely and flexible manner. To achieve this, an organization needs to gain workforce commitment by enabling them to have a voice on matters that affect them. Employees have, therefore, been empowered through involvement and participation in organization decision making process by the use of direct or indirect voice mechanisms. The paper will discuss the employee voice mechanisms in use today and the outcome of such mechanisms for workers. The employee voice literature began with Hirschman in the 1970s and was further popularised by Freeman and Medoff in the 1980s. Dundon et al (2005) views employee voice as an articulation of individual dissatisfaction, expression of collective organization, contribution to decision making, and mutuality. To articulate dissatisfaction, an individual has only two options according to Hirschman’s exit-voice theory; he can decide to exit or stay and fight from within by voicing his concerns. Hirschman (1970:30) therefore refers to voice as ‘any attempt at all to change rather than escape from an objectionable state of affairs whether through individual or collective petition to management’. ... The role of management is to provide voice mechanisms for workers so as to air their opinions. Freeman and Medoff (1984) built on Hirschman’s theory of exit-voice to emphasize the importance of having a collective voice in organizations especially through trade unions. This form of voice mechanism entails negotiations between employees and employer through the union and has many advantages. The union helps to reduce exits hence retention of qualified staff thus minimising on hiring and training costs. The employment contracts negotiated through collective bargaining also protects the employees’ interests thus enhancing cooperation and job security. The union can also assist the management in introduction of new work practices thus minimising resistance to change (Bennett & Kaufman, 2007). However, unions also can manage to force the organization to increase wages above competitive levels hence a loss to the company. Moreover, most of the workers organized in unions are dissatisfied with their jobs since the union leaders raise their job outcome expectations beyond what is realistic. According to Rose (2007), there is increased decline in unionisation as new sectors emerge hence making unions unrepresentative of employee voice. Many organizations are non-unionized and apply alternative voice mechanisms such as communication, training and development, attitude surveys, financial participation, and quality circles. However, employee voice is driven by various factors. The availability of voice mechanisms in the organization is a key driver of voice as employees can utilise various means to air their grievances but management support is required. For example, the management can put up suggestion boxes to get their opinions and adopt a culture of

It was a bitter winters night Essay Example for Free

It was a bitter winters night Essay It was a bitter winters night and George was sitting in his big white house. Georges lapdog, Tony, was lying at his owners feet. His big pointy ears were jiggling and his huge forehead was creasing up as he breathed in and out. George was watching television. Although he was not really mentally capable of understanding some of the intellectual humour he was watching, he happily sat there giggling away at the Tweenies with Tony. George and Tony deserved to relax after the hard day they had had at school. George was head boy at his school, the United School of Akronica, and he was having a spot of trouble with one of the other boys. Sammy Whosayne was bullying other children in his class and George thought that he should do something about it. George also believed that Sammy had some stink-bombs of mass poignancy but he could not prove anything. Although George was head boy, it did not mean he could do what he wanted; he had to speak to one of the teachers first. The teacher that he had to speak to on this occasion was called Mrs. U.Benn. She was in charge of the committee against bullying, Necessitarians Against The Oppressors. Usually, U. Benn and NATO sorted out problems between different groups within the school but this time she said no because George could not prove that Sammy had stink-bombs of mass poignancy. George was furious; he couldnt believe that they had said no to him. He soon got over it though when he saw something shiny on the floor. George realised that if he want to do anything about Sammy Whosayne, he was going to have to do it himself. He realised that he could not do it by himself. He asked help from his friend Pierre Le-Grenouille. Unfortunately for George, Pierre was a bit of a wimp and said that he did not want to go to fight anyone. What a coward. Anyway, although slightly disheartened, George continued to plan his fight against Sammy after hed finished his warm milk and colouring in. George had gathered up his friends and they looked quite impressive, his dog Tony and he made quite a team. The two of them burst into Sammy Whosaynes classroom. They were much more heavily armed than him. George was equipped with the latest advances in paper aeroplanes. The planes flew into the class room taking out everything in their path (providing it was also made out of paper). This was lucky because Sammy had built his defences entirely out of paper. George attack completely wiped out the bullys fortresses. He fled with his friends for fear of getting a paper cut. George was so happy that he couldnt stop himself from giggling like a little girl. After Georges crushing victory, he embarked on a search of the classroom for the stink-bombs of mass poignancy. He started this colossal task by checking in Whosaynes locker. Obviously not realising that the locker was open, George set about trying to push the door open. He pushed as hard as he could for a good forty-nine minutes. Eventually Tony the dog, who had watched the whole pathetic affair, decided he couldnt take it anymore and decided to show George that the door was unlocked and all he had to do was pull it. Tired out after pushing a solid piece of metal for forty-nine minutes, George languidly routed through the deviants locker for any signs of the stink bombs of mass-poignancy. The locker was covered in dust, much like a certain middle-eastern country whose name escapes me. He searched every nook and cranny of the cupboard. He went bravely into the cracks and caverns without knowing what he would find. After what seemed like months of searching (it was actually about twenty minutes), George was fruitless. As NATO had guessed, Sammy did not have any stink bombs of mass poignancy. George did not even catch Sammy. He was very embarrassed. He was also quite worried as there was an election coming up for head boy. He realised that he had to find Sammy and then possibly his reputation would be saved although, if were being perfectly honest, his reputation wasnt really one worth saving. He searched the playground for the rest of break and just as things were looking bad, he saw someone hidden in the climbing frame that looked very much like the fugitive bully. He went up to him but he realised that hed gotten the wrong person because the person hed found had a beard. He apologised and walked off. As he was walking off, Tony kicked him which provoked thought. He thought that a boy having a beard was rather unusual at a school. He went back and the boy looked a little worried at the sight of a jolly giggling little man rushing towards him. George went up to him with a stern look of concentration on his face. He opened his mouth and, to the horror of Tony, he asked the bearded boy what life was like in the sixth form. As we all will have guessed by now, the bearded boy was actually Sammy Whosayne in what was frankly a pretty pathetic disguise (although it did fool George). Sammy opened his mouth and thats when George finally realised who it was. He grabbed him and took him out to show the rest of the play ground. Ive caught him he shouted. Not realising that nobody cared and that they werent listening he carried on his speech. I have capturidafied this hooligan and hopefully he will not continue to tormentify us any more. Thank me very much for giving me your attention. It was a good job that no one was listening because he would have made a complete ass out of himself. Not only had his speech included words that didnt exist but where he believed he was holding a master criminal, he was actually clutching a piece of tarpaulin with some loose bits of hair stuck to it. By this point Tony the dog had given up trying to help him. This is the end of my tale about a stupid man with power and his pet. As of yet, we do not know if George will be elected as head of the United School of Akronica but lets hope, for all our sakes, that someone with more common sense gets the job.

The Social Patterns of Children During Play

The Social Patterns of Children During Play The purpose of the current study was to determine whether children exhibited a preference for solitary play, same gendered play, or opposite gendered play. The hypothesis was that both males and females would spend more time in gender-segregated play than engaging with opposite-gendered peers or in non-interactive play. Play is a vital contributor to the cognitive, emotional, and social development of children (Chea, Nelson, Ruben, 2001). One important component of childhood play is early peer interactions. The choices a child makes with regards to peer selection contribute to their development by determining the quality of their early social interactions. A number of factors must be taken into consideration when evaluating childrens social situations. Children can either play alone or with one or more peers. Solitary play can take a variety of forms, each carrying a different implication for the childs social experience. Social play can involve interactions with same gendered peers or with opposite-gendered peers. Each of these components contributes to the unique social experience each child encounters. Recent work has suggested that solitary play is not always an indicator of poor social skills. Motivations for solitary play vary and could include self-reflection or regulation, task-oriented motivations, personality characteristics, or an inability to engage with peers. Work by Moore, Everston, and Brophy (1974) has found that the majority of time children spend in solitary play is engaging in goal directed activities. These activities are beneficial for development. The researchers suggest that rather than being an immature and developmentally harmful method of play, this type of solitary play represents independence and task orientated behaviour that should be seen as indicating maturity. It has been suggested that the category of interaction that Parten (1932) referred to as parallel interaction is a more immature form of play than solitary play rather than an intermediate step towards cooperative play (Johnson, Ershler, Bell, 1980). This type of interaction is more frequently exhibited in younger children. Research suggests that in many situations it acts as a bridge to cooperative group play, and is often only engaged in for a very short period of time (Smith, 1978). The parallel interaction initiates communication with the child and leads to cooperative play. If the attempt to open up an interaction fails, the child may resort to parallel play again. Extensive time spent in parallel play may indicate poor social skills (Pellegrinin Bjorklund, 1998). As children develop, they generally spend more time in cooperative play with their peers. Research by Smith found that solitary play decreased throughout the preschool period. Another study by Rubin, Watson, and Jambor (1978) found that preschool children engaged in significantly more solitary play and less group play than children at the kindergarten level. As a child spends more time in cooperative play, peer selection becomes an important component of their social experience. The decisions a child makes regarding those they play with contribute to their development by determining the quality and characteristics of their social interactions. Participants The participants in the study were 10 students from Dr. Mary J. Wright University Laboratory School. The 10 participants consisted of 5 males and 5 females. The students were from the Five-Afternoon Kindergarten class and all participants were four years old. All of the participants were Caucasian and from the middle to upper socio-economic class. During all four of the one hour observations there were approximately fourteen children including the participants and approximately six adults were present. There were child-initiated activities which included playing with Lego or blocks, drawing and colouring, and playing with various toys. There were also teacher-guided activities that included book reading, show and tell, and arts and crafts. Observational Procedure The participants were observed using a play partner index, which catalogued the different play partners that the children engaged with. This index had six different categories, which were: same gender play, opposite gender play, male parallel play, female parallel play, goal oriented play, and non-goal oriented play. The participants were timed in 30-second intervals using the stopwatch program on a cell phone. All of the participants were monitored from an observation room, which contained headphones, chairs, a writing table and a one-way mirror used to observe the children without disturbing their play. The students were observed in the Mary Wright Classroom during the child-initiated and teacher guided activates. Each child was observed one child at a time for 20 intervals of 30 seconds, and recorded the category of play that the child was engaging in. For example if a student was near another female student but not directly interacting with her, it would be recorded as female par allel play. Results The type of social play that each target student engaged in was recorded in 20, 30-second intervals for 10 minutes. The total numbers of intervals were added up for each participant and the participant was labeled by the condition that they spend the most time in. In the single case of an equal number of intervals between two categories, each category was assigned 0.5. There were no significant differences that were reported between the play categories for males or female. Both genders spent the majority of their time engaging in solitary play. There was only one child who demonstrated any sort of preference for opposite gendered play, and even in that case, only 50% of the participants total interactions within the ten-minute period were within this category. These results can clearly be seen in Figure 1 on the tables page at the end of the paper. There are many possible reasons for the failure to demonstrate significant results, such as sampling issues, environmental factors, and the transitory characteristic of the age range observed. Discussion The hypothesis was that that both males and females would spend more time in playing with children of their own gender than interacting with opposite-gendered peers or in non-interactive play. The results failed to support the hypothesis. No significant relationship was found between the categories for males or females. Research by Smith (1978) has demonstrated that solitary play decreases throughout the preschool period, as children begin to engage more with their peers. The children were in their later years of preschool and they failed to show this preference for social interaction. It is possible that the children in the current study have not yet made this transition. The age range considered represents the transitory stage, and this may contribute to the lack of significance in the results. Furthermore, research by Rubin, Watson, and Jambor (1978) considered preschool aged children compared to kindergarten children, and found that kindergarten aged children spent much more time in group play than the preschoolers. The children in the current study were on the older end of the age bracket for preschool but had not yet reached kindergarten. These children may have been too young to begin to demonstrate the preference for cooperative play that was exhibited in these studies. This research is of significant value to schools, daycare, parents, or anybody interacting with children on a regular basis. Being aware of the dominant social patterns for each age group can allow caregivers to identify children who may be diverging from the norm. If children fail to engage in positive interactions with their peers or tend to engage in long periods of parallel play, they may be developing poor social skills. Caregivers who can identify these children can then assist them in working towards positive relationships with their peers. Knowing the beneficial forms of solitary play can allow caregivers to provide children with stimulating activities that can assist them in their development, and monitor children for extensive periods of time spent in non goal-directed behaviour. Each child has independent needs when it comes to social behaviours. Being aware of the trends and risks can allow caregivers to meet the unique needs of each child. There are many extensions that can be made to provide further insight into social patterns in children. For example, the family situation and siblings in particular may influence social preferences exhibited in children. Some children may enjoy playing by themselves because they come from a larger family of many siblings and desire time alone. The opposite may also be true. In regards to gender preferences, children may gravitate towards peers that are the same gender of their siblings. For instance, a young girl who has three brothers and no sisters may demonstrate a preference for male play partners. The impact of being an only child could be considered, as well as the effect of a participant with mixed siblings. Patterns between siblings and peer interactions could be investigated. As research continues to shed light on the social patterns of children, caregivers of all kinds will become more able to meet the needs of each child. Their unique traits can be appreciated and specific personal weaknesses can be attended to. As social beings, it is vital that humans be socially adjusted in order for them to reach their full potential and experience overall wellbeing. This research allows for increased insight that can ensure children are provided with the opportunity to achieve this goal and experience a positive social environment that is beneficial to their development.

Eating Disorders Essay -- Papers Health Weight Fat Essays

Eating Disorders An eating disorder is a serious disruption of a persons eating habits, in some cases it may be a reflection of abnormal psychological functioning. The two most common eating disorders are, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. Both of these eating disorders are most common among adolescent girls, but they do occur amongst older people and are becoming more and more frequent amongst men. Also they were originally only found in European countries but are becoming more common all over the world. Anorexia nervosa This is a disorder where the person fears that they might become overweight. (despite being seriously underweight) therefore they engage in self starving to try to prevent this from happening. Bulimia nervosa This is a disorder in which the person will engage in episodes of uncontrollable eating ?bingeing? which is then followed by self indulged vomiting, ?purging?. People who have bulimia have abnormal concerns with body size and a morbid fear of being or becoming fat. Characteristics of anorexia There are four listed criteria for anorexia Anxiety This is a key characteristic of anorexia. The anxiety associated with the disorder and the excessive fear of becoming fat. People who have anorexia not only become obsessed with weight but they also become fearful of weight gain. Weight Weight loss has become to be considered abnormal when it drops below 85% of the persons normal weight, based on their age and height. People who have anorexia develop abnormal eating habits. For exampl... ...rigger biological responses and a behavioral cycle of reinforcements. If someone fears weight gain, ho or she diets and starvation leads to changes in neurotransmitters. If an individual starts losing weight and dieting then this leads to an increased attention and attractiveness, encouraging further weight control. The found concept of faulty cognitions may also offer a form of treatment for the disorder. By dealing with the fear of weight gain itself. It may also offer methods of detecting people at risk of developing bulimia. It may also be that certain characteristics co-vary with a persons faulty perceptions. E.g. a person, who has maladaptive assumptions, may also have a more rigid cognitive style. It could therefore be this rigid cognitive style rather then the faulty perceptions that causes bulimia.

Comparing Steppenwolf and the Teenaged Girl Essays -- Comparison Compa

Parallels Between Steppenwolf and the Teenaged Girl  Ã‚   To be a teenaged girl means many things in this modern society. There are numerous expectations set for the average sixteen year old female: she must be pretty, popular, thin, preferably intelligent, but not too intelligent, and she must subjugate her will to the group. This world has a tendency to shun females who are too independent, who seek too much power, and who attempt to break from the stereotypical female mold. I have personally experienced this spurning, especially from my peers. There exists a dichotomy somewhere in my own soul, a rift between that which I am expected to be and who I really am. Harry Haller, in Hermann Hesse's novel Steppenwolf, experienced a similar predicament. He was torn between the life of a socially acceptable, "decent" man, and the primal, lupine nature of the Steppenwolf. I find myself caught between wanting to be a socially acceptable, "popular" girl, and being the independent, intellectual, and strong person that I actually am. There are a number of parallels between Haller and I, each further proving that the dichotomy of the Steppenwolf and the division within myself, the teenaged girl, are of the same essence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often in my life I have felt trapped by the boundaries and expectations that those around me have set for how I ought to behave, think, and feel. Here in suburban America, these boundaries are often set by peers and family, as well as by the media and celebrity figures. The expectations that they have set often dictate ideas that, deep down, I greatly disagree with. One of the most prominent of the ideas is that my worth is reflected in my outward physical appearance. In this world which has declared war on th... ...conditioned self and the true self. She both wishes to be accepted and to be set free from the group's expectations. She wants the perfect body and face and yet realizes the lack of importance therein. Harry Haller, in the end, could not completely understand the game of life, but understood that the willingness to play and the eagerness to sort through the inner self are what really matter. I have realized that, in the end, I must learn the same lesson. The road ahead will not be easy, just as Harry's journey was long and arduous. Fear and fleeing are no longer options, though. It is an archetypal, inherent knowledge within each human being that self-knowledge is key to a true existence, and both the Steppenwolf and the teenaged girl realize the importance of this expedition. Works Cited: Hesse, Hermann. Steppenwolf. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990.

Psychiatric Disabilities: The Role of the Rehabilitation Counselor Essa

Psychiatric Disabilities: The Role of the Rehabilitation Counselor A rehabilitation counselor is the central coordinator of setting up services and the client’s goals. They help develop and enhance the client’s skills to secure independence, employment and function in the community (Garske, 2003). In order to be able to rehabilitate the client and set up obtainable goals and a treatment plan, the rehabilitation counselor must first understand ADA, the client’s functional limitations, challenges and obstacles they are facing, along with barriers that may pose a threat to the success of the client. Rehabilitation counselors also set up a support network the client can reach out to and utilize, as well as resources and accommodations that may help the client transition into the workforce, school or home. Challenges/Functional Limitations Success Rate There are many challenges and obstacles that individuals with a psychiatric disability face and as a rehabilitation counselor one must find ways to overcome those obstacles and help guide the client. According to Gregory Garske (2003), â€Å"those with severe mental illness or a psychiatric disability have an extremely low success rate and are the most challenging group to rehabilitate† (p. 95). One of the largest subpopulations of disabilities with the lowest success rate did not go unnoticed and changes were made in 1992 when the amendments of the Rehabilitation Act were passed. The 1992 amendments paved the way for future growth and ensured that those with the most severe disability that limited one or more life functions received more assistance (Garske, 2003). What is disturbing is that even though those with a psychiatric disability are seeking services the success ... ...on job acquisition and retention among people with psychiatric disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 33(3), 203-207. doi:10.3233/JVR-2010-0528. Schutt, R., & Hursh, N. (2009). Influences on Job Retention Among Homeless Persons with Substance Abuse or Psychiatric Disabilities. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 36(4), 53-73. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Sullivan, A., Nicolellis, D., & et al., (1993). Choose-get-keep: A psychiatric rehabilitation approach to supported education. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17(1), 55. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. Walsh, J., & Walsh, M. (2003). The role of mental health professionals in responding to employment needs. Sourcebook of rehabilitation and mental health practice (pp. 105-115). New York, NY US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Retrieved from PsycINFO database.

Arctic Survival Simulation

Arctic Survival – From Success to Failure Contrary to the outcome exhibited by most other groups during the Arctic Survival exercise, our team score (34) was lower than my individual score (64). This is not to suggest that group collaboration is detrimental; in fact, our outcome was unique among the class and of great surprise to uk/the-professor-is-a-dropout/">the professor and entire class section. To be sure, pooling resources, elaboration of material, and support and motivation, while perhaps more time consuming, typically offer improved results.In theory, this model implies that a team’s collective knowledge can maximize utility and ensure the best outcome given the available information and perspectives. In our case, our group dynamics were such that we did not effectively utilize the resources we had, and consequently pooled a very limited amount of information. Rather than minimizing our risk, we increased it. I attribute much of our group’s failure at th is simulation to process loss, which is defined as the problems that arise from lack of effective coordination among group members.A number of factors at play could explain the process loss which led to our counterintuitive results. First and foremost, one must consider the way in which group dynamics impact the overall productivity of group collaboration. Our team consisted of K, R, W, J and myself. K and W were quite opinionated, and in contrast, both R and J were quiet – I did not have a sense of what their true opinions were. K dominated the group by putting forth an idea and adhering to that idea in spite of other opinions. Both K and W were vocal in reiterating what they thought were the most important elements of survival.In our case, we took no measures to counteract the impact of clashing personalities. Subsequently, a lack of civil discussion led to uncoordinated efforts with regards to how we should begin to approach a systematic analysis of the situation. An effec tive manager, however, should be skilled at identifying employee team dynamics and personalities; in order to maximize potential, the manager must have the emotional intelligence (that is, the ability to perceive, decipher, use, and pinpoint emotions accurately) to understand how team members differ with respect to emotions, motivation, perspectives, experience, and intentions.For example, though J was quiet and rarely spoke up or defended her ratings, I knew of J’s work ethic from class and understood that it was not as though she avoided work or pulling her weight. In other words, I recognized that her behavior was not attributed to social loafing, but to some other phenomenon. In this case, our group members seemed to exhibit varying levels of psychological safety, which is the belief that little to no risk exists in a particular group environment, and consequently each member feels free to contribute their true thoughts. I presumed that J and R did not feel psychologicall y safe.Anytime a group member disagreed and pressed them to argue for their position, they wavered and complied, indicating that they felt uncomfortable in taking a risk and voicing dissenting views. Their low psychological safety led to an apparent mode of groupthink, in which R and J preferred unanimity in the group over their perceived accurate valuations of arctic survival tools. Similar to the Asch experiment in which a dissenter purposely responded with the wrong answer regarding which stick length was equal, R and J were often silent even though their scores later revealed that their ranking of the rope was more in line with the ideal.Indeed, both R and J, but particularly J, demonstrated a primary symptom of groupthink by censoring herself and failing to communicate her unique viewpoints. Managing a group of people requires careful consideration of the group dynamics in play, paying close attention to symptoms of groupthink and low psychological safety which might lead to pr ocess loss. A manager must use his or her emotional intelligence and leverage group members’ differing perspectives.In doing so, team members will not fall victim to process loss, but will instead pool resources and elaborate on them, thereby facilitating healthy debate and a better end result than one could achieve on his or her own. In addition to identifying how team members differ with respect to emotions, motivation, perspectives, experience, and intentions, a manager must be cautious about his or her own actions and biases. While being confident and resolute is often positive, it can also blind a manager or group member to other valid viewpoints.Many fall victim to commitment and consistency, which is the tendency for individuals to adhere very strongly to a course of action because they feel pressure to act in line with their original declared commitments. Indeed, K exhibited strong commitment and consistency to certain declarations and did not back down. In particular , he was quite stubborn in his opinion that rope was the second most important asset for survival behind matches. When pressed to explain his case, his justifications were vague; yet, he was very insistent.I mentioned, for example, that rope was not necessary in killing prey for food (in comparison to the hand ax), and challenged him to elaborate on his view. He tried to reason by convincing me that rope was the better choice, but ultimately did a poor job at elaborating. The more we debated, the more steadfast he became – he had committed to a course of action, ranking the rope highly, and felt the pressure to follow through. He couldn’t back down now. Rather than counteracting my challenge that a hand ax was more important, he simply offered that he did not agree without any explanation as to why.What’s more, he did not listen to the ways in which an alternative solution might be better (in this case, the hand ax), but instead disregarded my perspective and st ood firm that the rope was more crucial to survival, thus confirming his previous beliefs. He defended his position and avoided information that potentially proved his theory wrong. Not only does this exemplify commitment and consistency, but also confirmation bias, which is an individual’s tendency to disregard information that would contradict his or her views and instead only focus on those explanations that confirm them.K’s adherence was convincing to W, who soon after agreed with his valuation of the rope. W’s support coupled with the others group members’ lack of any objections whatsoever throughout the simulation led to my almost immediate compliance on the subject matter. I let them have the rope, and they let me have the hand ax to follow. The next point of contention was the canvas. Though they all agreed that the hand ax was important, they did not believe the canvas to be significant. I was the only obstacle who expressed a different opinion.K and W’s mutual agreement coupled with R and J’s silence, seemed to bolster their insistence that the canvas was unnecessary. Eventually, J broke the silence and agreed with K and W. J was more likely to feel as though the canvas was insignificant given K and W’s dominant opinion regarding the matter. Once again, I succumbed and agreed to rank the canvas lower down. Though I certainly did not consider myself a manager in this simulation, it allowed me to reflect on my own dealings within a group context and as a potential manager.I was aware of the group dynamics and recognized the limitations that commitment and consistency, social proofing, confirmation bias, and groupthink provided, but also knew that likeability was a key strategy for influencing others. I prodded R and J to offer more insight, but my efforts often fell short. Rather than taking any methodical approach, K and W would dominate conversation, and I assumed the role of mediator, trying to compro mise between all perspectives. I could not claim to have expert power, but perhaps I could convince the group that we should take a more systematic and methodical approach to analyzing this situation.Unfortunately, my efforts probably provided more harm than good. I used reciprocity by telling K and W that he could have rope, if I could have the hand ax next. We continued to negotiate – W could have navigation guide next if the canvas could follow shortly after. The simulation consisted of many exchanges such as these. Reciprocity, which is the tendency for members to agree to a course of action of an individual who has done them a favor, miserably backfired in our case.Not only did group members (myself included) interrupt each other and fail to exert any sort of coordination, but my attempt to give everyone what they wanted eventually led to a higher valuation of the navigation guide. I should have known that R and J were easily persuaded and would not speak up about this u nwise decision, and yet I went through with it. In an effort to gain support through likeability and reciprocity, I sacrificed an effective decision-making process that would have led to a higher probability of success.Group collaboration is typically expected to prevail in this simulation due to pooling of resources and elaboration of material, and in retrospect, our group did a poor job of doing so; framed this way, it is not surprising that our outcome was the exact opposite of the simulation’s intended effect. Though only a simulation, the Arctic Survival exercise certainly illuminated the various ways in which I could be susceptible to ineffective managing. These models and concepts are not simply applicable to this and other simulations, but also provide insight into my potential downfalls.Perhaps it is necessary to assign a devil’s advocate to the group so that teams are not victimized by groupthink; instead a concerted effort to have varying opinions would insp ire thoughtful debate and ultimately more effective outcomes. Likeability is an important weapon of influence, but should not come at the expense of sound decisions – a manager must always exhibit a healthy balance of likeability and firm consideration of all the options. I must be cognizant of my team members and make sure to harness each individual’s strengths, going to great lengths to avoid the common pitfalls exhibited in this simulation.

ICT History

There has been a general concern in the public about how ICT in the early years was like in terms of the facilitators that were being used by the people so that they could pass information as well as communicate with one another. The effects of these modes of communication such as delayed information and also possibilities in alteration of the message have all been central focus by the public so as to make a remarkable development in the areas where these modes of communication failed. People are geared to developing new technology that will fully replace the information and communicating technology that was used in the early days. The modern technology will see the production of very fast, effective, as well as reliable tools of communication such as telex, telephones, telegram as well as the internet. This are of is important to research on since the knowledge of information and communication is the backbone of technology. Human being are able to continue with life because they communicate to one another so that they can help reach solutions to problems. Business industry which is the chief sustainers of the economy of each country is only able to succeed through ensured constant flow of information. Delayed information in the early years led to so many effects on the people. For example, people could die on their way to medicine men just because of lack of good communication means that could be fast enough to reach these healers who some times could treat a person in his/her home area. The study is timely especially in the advent of stiff growth of information communication technology. The investigation into existence of information and communication technology in early years will provide crucial information and data to decision and policy makers who will in turn use the results to come up with new policies which will trigger the invention of new and fast as well as effective ways of communicating. 1. 3Limitations of the study. The study will be limited in that it shall draw a lot from existing data much of which may not be reliable. It also expected that lack of previous research in the field might also pose challenges to the researcher. In addition, there may be false information from some people who do not have any idea on the modes of communication that were used during the early years. This may lead to unreliable results and hence reluctance in settling for inventions and innovations of more advanced technology. Literature review. During the early days ICT was also used in various ways by the people. Agriculture was the first technology to be adopted by man followed by writing (Pemberton & Shurville 2000p. 56-67). Fire was very much used as a means of communication whereby it was so slow in passing the information to the targeted individuals or groups. Use of smoke, wild creatures like birds and also whistling were among the most used means of passing information. In addition, communication was very much essential among the people and it was affected by songs, dances as well as poetry where information was conveyed through how these activities were performed (Rahtz , 1987p. 1-20)). Drums were also used in passing information and they also facilitated the performance of dances. According to Watts, and Lloyd, (2004p. 103), all humans were hunters and gatherers. This provoked the existence of so many massagers who made the passage of information from one person to another quite easy since most of the people were mobile. People during these days relied so much on local technology like manufacturing of tools as well as weapons, cutting and digging tools such as axes and hoes since they relied heavily on agriculture. These tools were made from iron, bronze or copper metals since they were thought to be resistance to rusting. According to Chambers and Davies (2001p. 12-16)), ship technology was on rise and people used simple constructed ships to cross the oceans and communicate with people of different boundaries and countries. This required one to have knowledge about the currents in the ocean, star maps as well as weather patterns. The growth of early information and communication technology was facilitated by the remarkable revolution of agriculture, which enabled people to begin permanent settlements and stop migrations. Most people also stopped the hunting and gathering activities and settled for agriculture and this saw consolidated efforts in working to improve the Information and communication sector. These early modes of communication were very much unreliable since they were slow. For example, use of people as agents of passing information was very unreliable method because alterations of the content of the message was possible. The messages were also liable to failure to reach their destination or face a lot of mis-reporting. Early information and communication technology was generally poorly developed but as people continued evolving, information and communication technology as well began to expand since people began to do some inventions on this sector. People invest heavily on this area since they saw its importance and the impacts it had to their lives. Early information and communication technology had also many advantages to the people. Through ICT in the early days, people were able to convey important messages that helped them to understand one another other and also helped them to establish good relationships (Riley,1995p. 8-104). It is also through information and communication technology that people were able to learn for example through writing on stones which later developed to more satisfactory learning ways like writing on books. Writing materials also evolved in the same line, from metallic instruments that were used for writing on stones to pencils and biros that are even used in modern s ociety for writing on books. Information and communication in early days have been compared to today’s Information and communication technology and quite remarkable differences have been marked. The modern ICT is actually very appreciated for its satisfaction of people’s needs since it’s the modes of passing the information are very fast. No delays of message failures that may lead to adverse effects of the people. Methodology: The study will interview several individuals whose conducts and addresses will be obtained from the ICT office. A total of 50 randomly selected people will be interviewed. What makes this study unique is that the people who shall answer the survey will be drawn from various states using a randomized sampling approach. The researcher will utilize the survey method in which questionnaires and interviews will be used as data collection instruments. Analysis. Significance tests will be performed on all relationships and only those with statistical significance will be presented here. Qualitative data analysis will be involved and the data gathered in the data collection will be analyzed using statistical software called SPSS in order to arrive at findings. Conclusion. It is very important for people to know where to base their activities or innovations. It is only through this that people are able to know where to begin and what to aim at achieving. This research study will be successful only if the modes of communication that were used in the early days as well as their effects that they had to the people are known. It is through this knowledge that innovations and production of new modes of communication that are fast and effective enough, with more advantageous factors to the people will be invented. These modes are even thought to be more powerful than the telephones, telegrams, computers as well as the Internet. This will really be a tremendous improvement and technology advancement.

Just in Time at Jimmy’s

CHAPTER 15 Lean operations and JIT Short case: Just-in-time at Jimmy’s St James’s Hospital, in Leeds in the north of the UK, affectionately known as ‘Jimmy’s’, is Europe’s largest teaching hospital. It employs around 4500 people to support the 90 000 in-patient treatments per year and over 450 000 total admissions. Under increasing pressure to reduce costs, to contain inventory and to improve service, the Supplies Department has undertaken a major analysis of its activities, to try and adopt some of the ideas from the JIT approach.The initial review highlighted that Jimmy’s had approximately 1500 suppliers of 15 000 different products at a total cost of ? 15 million. Traditionally, the Supplies Department ordered what the doctors asked for, with many cases of similar items supplied by six or more firms. Under a cross-functional task force, comprising both medical and supply staff, a major programme of supplier and product rationalizatio n was undertaken, which also revealed many sources of waste. For example, the team found that wards used as many as 20 different types of gloves, some of which were expensive surgeons’ gloves costing around ? per pair, yet in almost all cases these could be replaced by fewer and cheaper (20 pence) alternatives. Similarly, anaesthetic items which were previously bought from six suppliers, were single-sourced.The savings in purchasing costs, inventory costs and general administration were enormous in themselves, but the higher-order volumes also helped the hospital negotiate for lower prices. Suppliers are also much more willing to deliver frequently in smaller quantities when they know that they are the sole supplier. Peter Beeston, the Supplies Manager, said: ‘We’ve been driven by suppliers for years †¦ hey would insist that we could only purchase in thousands, that we would have to wait weeks, or that they would only deliver on W ednesdays! Now, our selecte d suppliers know that if they perform well, we will assure them of a long-term commitment. I prefer to buy 80 per cent of our requirements from 20 or 30 suppliers, whereas previously, it involved over a hundred. ’ The streamlining of the admissions process also proved fertile ground for improvement along JIT principles. For example, in the Urology Department, one-third of patients for non-urgent surgery found their appointments were being cancelled.One reason for this was that in the time between the consultant saying that an operation was required and the patient arriving at the operating theatre, there were 59 changes in responsibility for the process. The hospital reorganized the process to form a ‘cell’ of four people who were given complete responsibility for admissions to Urology. The cell was located next to the ward and made responsible for all record keeping, planning all operations, ensuring that beds were available as needed, and telling the patient wh en to arrive. As a result, the 59 handovers are now down to 13 and the process is faster, cheaper and more reliable.Jimmy’s also introduced a simple kanban system for some of its local inventory. In Ward 9’s storeroom, for example, there are just two boxes of 10 mm syringes on the shelf. W hen the first is empty, the other is moved forward and the Ward Sister then orders another. The next stage will be to simplify the reordering: empty boxes will be posted outside the store, where codes will be periodically read by the Supplies Department, using a mobile data recorder. Chapter 15: Short case study 1 Copyright  © 2006 Pearson Education Limited Slack: Operations Management, 5th editionThe hospital’s management are convinced of the benefits of their changes. ‘Value for money, not cost cutting, is what this is all about. We are standardizing on buying quality products and now also have more influence on the buying decision †¦ from being previously funct ionally oriented with a number of buyers, we now concentrate on materials management for complete product ranges. The project has been an unmitigated success and although we are only just starting to see the benefits, I would expect savings in cost and in excess inventory to spiral!The report on Sterile Wound Care Packs shows the potential that our team has identified. The ‘old’ pack consisted of four pairs of plastic forceps, cotton wool balls and a plastic pot, which were used with or without additional gloves. This pack cost approximately 60 pence excluding the gloves. The â€Å"new† pack consists of a plastic pot, swabs, etc. , and one pair of latex gloves only. This pack costs approximately 33 pence including gloves. Total target saving is approximately ? 20 000. ’ Chapter 15: Short case study 2 Copyright  © 2006 Pearson Education LimitedSlack: Operations Management, 5th edition Questions 1. List the elements in St James’s new approach which could be seen as deriving from JIT principles of manufacturing. 2. What further ideas from JIT manufacturing do you think could be applied in a hospital setting such as St James’s? Chapter 15: Short case study 3 Copyright  © 2006 Pearson Education Limited Slack: Operations Management, 5th edition Short case: Flexibility helps JIT at L’Oreal L’Oreal cosmetics is now the world’s largest toiletries and cosmetics group, with a presence in over 140 different countries.In the UK, the 45 000 square metre purpose-built facility in mid-Wales produces 1300 product types in a spotlessly clean environment, which is akin to a pharmaceutical plant in terms of hygiene, safety and quality. The plant has 55 production lines and 45 different production processes, and the manufacturing systems employed are of a flexibility that allows them to run each of the 1300 product types every two months – that means over 150 different products each week. But the plant was no t always as flexible as this.It has been forced to enhance its flexibility by the requirement to ship over 80 million items each year. The sheer logistics involved in purchasing, producing, storing and distributing the volume and variety of goods has led to its current focus on introducing JIT principles into the manufacturing process. To help achieve its drive for flexibility and for JIT production, L’Oreal organized the site into three production centres, each autonomous and focused within technical families of products. Their processes and production lines are then further focused within product sub-divisions.Responsible for all the activities within his area, from pre-weighing to dispatch, is the Production Centre Manager, whose role also encompasses staff development, training and motivation. Within the focused production centres, improvement groups have been working on improving shop-floor flexibility, quality and efficiency. One of the projects reduced the setup times on the line which produces hair colourants from 2. 5 hours to only eight minutes. These new changeover times mean that the company can now justify even smaller batches, and may give the company the flexibility to meet market needs just-in-time.Prior to the change in setup time, batch size was 30 000 units; now batches as small as 2000– 3000 units can be produced costeffectively. Chapter 15: Short case study 4 Copyright  © 2006 Pearson Education Limited Slack: Operations Management, 5th edition Questions 1. What did L’Oreal do to help it organize the process of setup reduction? 2. What do you think L’Oreal gained from doing each of these things? 3. If we could halve all changeover times in the factory, what effect would this have on inventory? Chapter 15: Short case study 5 Copyright  © 2006 Pearson Education Limited

Music Composition: Pirate’s Dinner Adventure

Music has a way of adding life and energy to any performance, many musicals, commercials, films, live shows, and concerts sweeping people off of their feet by the colorful compositions of the musicians. In adding depth and dimension to characters, music has a way of bringing emotions to surface through the use of sound, meaningful beats and rhythms pulsing audible story tales into the ears and souls of the performers and audience members. Louder and more intense sounds, like deep booming, have the effect of grounding the music, while softer and often higher pitched compositions, like gentle piping, have the effect of lifting the music. Feelings such as anticipation, anger, joy, sorrow, peace, and frustration can be communicated through sound, and people are in tune with the ways in which music arouses them. These various types of sounds are produced by a wide range of unique instruments, including horns, drums, and strings. Each distinct instrument and sound has a part to play in the overall composition of the music, every element bringing a certain kind of meaning and emotionality to the overall performance. In experiencing the performance of the Pirate’s Dinner Adventure, one is thrust into a historical world of swashbuckling action, pirates taking to the stage, in boats and though water, in the battle for the ship of treasures and the princess. Each part of the musical composition has meaning and purpose, the deeper horns and drums creating a sense of anticipation and fear, a mixture of expectation and dread. This booming introduction is followed by the appearance of pirates on the stage, creeping through the water and floating in on their small boats, each one determined to fight to the finish and win the battle for riches and the lovely woman. This slow beating of the drums is threaded through with low to medium pitched horns, such as tubas, leading the skulking pirates closer to their final goal, the wealthy ship full of gold and the fine girl. Some pirates pop up above the water with knives in their mouths, surprising the audience, as the drums beat out in almost perfect synchronicity with their small splashes, and the leisurely gliding boats fill the viewers with dread as the music pipes out the horns, their stealthy movements and whispers carried by each rich tune. When the pirates raid the ship, the music explodes and quickens, higher pitched horns, such as trumpets, pound out the action of the climbing men, rope swinging pirates, firing canons, and sword fighting bandits. The soldiers lose control of their ship, and the music floods with horns, the shrill cries of the instruments sounding out the struggles and screams of a waterborne battlefield. The knives flying through the air and the pieces of the ship falling down onto the deck and into the water are pierced with drumming, and the pushing and falling people, the fighters, are suspended in a torrent of drumming and horns, each instrument pulsing out a rhythm which is busied yet integrated, hectic but blended to suit the frantic interweaving of battle. The music calms and the strings enter into the composition when the soldiers finally take control of their ship once again, having banished the pirates from the area, and having reclaimed their treasure and their princess. With the brash and brazen pirates effectively cast out, the peaceful and gliding sounds of the violins, flutes, and chimes bringing the culmination of the show to a soft and quiet ending. These higher pitched instruments are most effective when played lightly, the soothing tinkling of these sweet instruments resembling the gentle nature of the female, and symbolizing the safety of the princess and the treasure. This performance was extremely rich in musical emotionality, each instrument and sound bringing a certain and unique element of beauty and meaning to the piece. Initiating into the slow, deep beginning of anticipation, moving through the wild and loud rhythmic racket of battle, and culminating with the soft and gentle high sounds of peace was a poignant experience rich with significance. The magnificence of the deep drumbeat and shallow tubas was followed by the excited piping of trumpeters and quicker beats, finally cascading into the chiming flow of the violins and flutes. A story can be effective without the use of music, but telling a tale interwoven with melodies can capture elements of the heart and soul through the use of a comprehensive and engaging harmony of sounds.

Finance and Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Finance and Accounting - Essay Example They analyze results of strategic decisions and measure the value of the results, strategize to maximize profitability, sustainability and flexibility, ensure that the business continues to grow, return value to owners and attract more resources, and make the decisions that are reflected in the financial statements, they are key players in the world of business (Robinson, 2012, 12). They record, analyze, summarize and report financial information for use by the management and investors, they also play an integral role in the firm’s daily management and decision making process, they execute strategic goals, drive growth and manage the firm’s risk by implementing financial controls over its business activities (Alba, et. al, 2005, 103). Financial accountability is important in maintaining a healthy business. They also educate their employers on financial information accordingly and advise them. Generally they do not have to work with other employees as they report to the management directly. The average salary of a financial accountant is $50820 per year (Robinson, 2012, 97). Tasks carried out by a financial accountant include summarizing and preparing financial records and statements to report externally, maintaining records of assets, liabilities, capital (shareholders’ equity), tax demands and financial transactions in the organization. They utilize accounting principles to ensure compliance with regulatory reporting requirements. To become an accountant one requires advanced education and formal certification to get qualified for senior accounting jobs. On the most basic level, accountants keep and inspect financial accounts for companies, government institutions and individuals. Some accountants are self employed while others work for large firms. Most accountants work full time though some work part time. Those who work part time are usually busier during end of financial year and during tax season (Ryan, 2004, 45). Most accounting professionals have

Inclusion of SEN Students in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Inclusion of SEN Students in Schools - Essay Example Just as much as in schools, societal attitudes can represent a great obstacle to the inclusion of disabled people in the community (Forest, 1991)3. The societal attitude of the 'normal' people towards disabled people has been characterised by confusion, ambiguity and a modicum of good will. It therefore comes as no surprise that, mainstream pupils exhibit an ambiguity, not dissimilar to their elders, in regard to their few disabled colleagues in school (Lewis, 1995)4. Researchers and educators have developed legal, educational, ethical and psychological arguments to support the inclusion of children with disabilities into mainstream schooling. However, for the successful integration of these students into the mainstream, there needs to be a total reappraisal of the existing educational system. This would include changes in organisational structures, curriculum and teaching methodology (Meijer, 1994)5. For this system to become a success would need the wholehearted support and integration of all teachers (Michael Shevlin, 2000). Having understood the basic idea of what is necessary to the inclusion of special educational needs in schools for introducing students with learning difficulties, the next logical step would be to understand what this term 'Special educational needs' mean in the context of this paper. Disability, difficulty in learning, learning difficulty and special educational needs, may seem a lot similar, but they are quite different in their literal sense. Special Educational Needs under the Education Act of 1996 states that 'a child is in need of special educational needs if he/she has a learning difficulty which calls for special educational provision to be made for that student (Section 312). Learning Difficulty is attributed to students with: Greater difficulty in learning than other children of his/her age Has a disability which prevents him/her from making use of facilities that is provided to children of their age in school (Section 312 (2)) of the Education Act. (Michael Farrell, Ch.1, p.11-12, 2003) 2.0 Executive Summary Disabilities are a curse on society. Disabilities can be physical, mental, or social. The perspectives and social relationships of young children, including gender bias, the relationship between racism and education, and racism and identity in school and curriculum are social barriers that must be addressed in inclusive policies. These social cancers must be removed from schools to make inclusive education a success. Such discrimination of disabled and under-privileged children can lead to depression. Mental disorders can play havoc with children at a young age. Language is also a barrier for children to mix and learn with other children. Physically challenged children also face the embarrassment of being recognised as

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Case Study Example ?University (SSU) is a comprehensive teaching institution with 14,200 undergraduate and 3500 graduate students accompanied with 400 faculty and staff. SSU is situated in an attractive and relatively isolated setting in Lubbock, Texas. In the recent years, SSU has faced numerous challenges and difficulties. There has been considerable increase in the annual tuition fees but resources to meet the new initiatives have been limited. Although SSU has a few resources in order to meet capital improvement or for the commencement of new programs and initiative but these resources are not adequate. In the recent times, SSU has been able to provide only 1 percent rise across the board faculty and staff salary cost of living and standard promotion adjustment but it has witnessed no major increase in the number of staff for several years. Two programs namely a Staff  Performance  Excellence  Program  (SPEP) and a Faculty  Distinction program was initiated in the year 2000 and 2001 respe ctively which were framed to recognize and motivate outstanding  performance. However, since 2005 neither program was funded. The performance documentation and employee-supervisor discussion committee of the SPEP occupied a key role in deciding the eligibility and levels of merit based salary increase. SPEP was not tied with in any manner with the compensation rather it was totally an academic exercise. Besides, staffs within SSU have also not taken this program seriously as they believe that the program will have no significant impact on their promotion. At the same time, Faculty Distinction program has been paused for many years (Ruben & Jurow, 2012). There was no rigid plan to resolve this ongoing problem faced by the university and the faculty members in the university. As a consequence of this, faculty members in SSU felt increasing level of stress and they deemed to remain strapped for time to teach. Faculty members in SSU who are economically vulnerable remain disheartened about their

Elon Musk an entrepreneur of the 21th century Essay

Elon Musk an entrepreneur of the 21th century - Essay Example Joseph Schumpeter associated entrepreneurship with the creation of five ‘new combinations’. These new combination were new product introduction, introduction of a new production method, to capture new supply source and to organize the industry in a novel manner. The four factors of production are labour, land, capital and organisation. The other factors are coordinated by the factor organisation. Entrepreneurship is the driving force behind the organisation. Entrepreneurs should have thorough knowledge of the industry and should be natural leaders. They should have foresight and risk taking ability (Robertson, n.d.). The entrepreneur of the 21st century will achieve success through his reach of the global markets. The entrepreneur of this century does not only bring about innovation in the market but also explores new methods of surviving in the dynamic market. An entrepreneur often has to face several obstacles in his approach towards innovation. The investors in his business may not be able to understand his vision. They may not be in favour of the innovation and may not be willing to take the risk. The 21st century is facing rapid changes in technology and entrepreneurs are taking the benefit of these changes to increase productivity. They are using their resources in innovative ways to increase their profitability. The entrepreneurs of today are all set to compete on a global scale through their mergers and acquisitions. The entrepreneurs of this century are poised to take the global challenges in their stride (Robertson, n.d.). All people do not become entrepreneurs. The main characteristic that makes a person a successful entrepreneur is innovative mindset and leadership skills. He should not be risk averse. He should be able to organise and coordinate. He should be alert to identify the opportunities in the market. They should be ‘gap fillers’ which means that they should be able to identify which products the

Understanding Public Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding Public Policy - Research Paper Example Policy analysis process is essential in the development phase of public policy. Based on the outcome certain measures may be recommended in order to develop a process that accounts for all needs. The policy will be adjusted based on the goals set by the public institution. Policy analysis refers to the nature in which the current measures are compared to alternative policies in an effort to ensure quality with policy implementation. Anderson (1988) indicates the need to analyze each policy at the development stage. In this case, policy implementers would be able to identify the loopholes within the proposals and work on modalities to ensure the revised policies are successfully implemented. Public policy is all about decision-making in that; different channels may be used to ascertain the viability of the policy. The final product should reflect on the recommendations made after policy analysis. The stage may compare the public demands and the proposed policy and hence make early adj ustments to meet the demands of the market. The effectiveness of any policy will be determined by the intermediate procedures put across to censor the developmental stage. Policy analysis procedures are also essential in the implementation stage. This would mean that a proper plan is executed and is in line with set goals. The procedure is essential at it works as a toll of identifying the loopholes within the plans and act as means of restructuring policies to ensure a proper execution plan is put across (Dye, 2010). The policy analysis process will compare the current public policy with existing policies. The aim would be to ascertain whether the policies are in line with the goals and objectives of a given institution.  Ã‚  

Vietnam War Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vietnam War - Term Paper Example The former imperialistic Roman Empire should serve as an example of how this cause and effect scenario plays out. A similar destiny awaits America if it refuses to stop repeating the rationalizations for military involvement that kept it in Vietnam for a decade. A result of justifications emanating from Cold War, anti-communism attitudes, Vietnam became the standard by which limitations of the American military can be measured. Following the U.S. victory over the Japanese in 1945, the U.S. and former Soviet Union became engaged in a politically ideological battle that enveloped much of the rest of the world, the Cold War. Communism was clearly America’s adversary and after the Soviets build the Berlin Wall and continued to dominate other Eastern European countries, which became known as ‘satellite’ nations of the Soviets, the U.S. decided to not allow communism to spread into far Southeast Asia for motivations that remain unclear. Though the U.S. used the atomic b omb in Asia less than 20 years earlier, it deployed thousands of troops to the jungles of Vietnam during the decade-long ‘police action’ despite pleas by some that ground troops were necessary only after ‘the bomb’ was dropped in a clean-up role. The fiasco of Vietnam instigated an anti-military response from the majority of American citizens which contributed to the Cold War’s end. ... isolationism at the ending of the 19th century to its status as the sole remaining superpower, has always been centered on the promotion and conservation of its own interests and ‘the advancement of civilization,’ the exercise of power to assert itself beyond the bounds of the American continents in ‘the interest of civilization and of humanity’ and its own selfish interests.† (Olney, 2004) This period of military re-evaluation lasted from the end of the Vietnam War in 1973 until the invasion of Iraq in March of 2003. The U.S. entered the Vietnam conflict to bring democracy to the oppressed indigenous population (the official reason) very optimistic of securing a quick victory. Unsurprisingly, the U.S. went into Vietnam War with somewhat of an arrogant attitude thinking that the North Vietnamese army would soon bow to the mighty American military machine and that South Vietnam would willingly accept and adjust to a westernized style system of governmen t. According to Henry Kissinger, former U.S. Secretary of State under President Nixon, America entered Vietnam with a â€Å"brash confidence in the universal applicability of America’s prescriptions.† (Kissinger,2003) The paradoxical epilogue to Vietnam was that America went into this bloody, horrifying and long-term war believing it would be the noble liberator of the South Vietnamese. The U.S. did this without appreciating the obvious fact that the South Vietnamese people had been fighting for liberation from a North Vietnamese government which represented the same imperialistic way of thinking as the American government. (Ignatieff, 2003) The U.S. failed in Vietnam not because it lacked military capability but because it did not understand the enemy. Although the U.S. marched in with a tremendous military

China and America Educational System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

China and America Educational System - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that  the college application in America considers the student’s own future career expectations unlike in China’s system were the college selection process is entirely determined by standardized tests that are administered annually. The pressure to pass these tests creates a burden since prospective college students will have to spend long hours while doing their revisions in order to ensure preparedness. Most higher education institutions in America have their own admission criteria and requirements depending on the preferred study program and thus comprehensive abilities and attributes of the prospective student are important in the selection criteria.As the paper highlights that  China and America education system differ from the way the curriculum is taught since American system values personal expression in the teaching strategies unlike Chinese system that values teacher lecturing. The American classrooms are based on discussion of materials and posing questions to students thus ensuring students actively participate in learning unlike China’s curriculum delivery methods that mainly involve lecturing and minimal participation of students during the learning process. The difference is evident in the differing attitudes of students while in classroom since American students are more likely to engage in group discussions that may sometimes be boisterous unlike Chinese classrooms where students remain more attentive to the teacher unlike they are called upon by the teacher to answer to questions while learning.

Oral Script About Titanic Essay Example for Free

Oral Script About Titanic Essay Good morning to my teacher and fellow friends. Today I want to talk about the sinking of Titanic. RMS Titanic was a passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. The sinking of Titanic caused the deaths of 1,514 people in history. She was the largest ship afloat at the time of her maiden voyage. One of three liners operated by the White Star Line, she was built between 1909-11 by the Harland and Wolff Shipyard in Belfast. Her passengers included some of the wealthiest people in the world, as well as over a thousand emigrants from Britain,  Ireland,  Scandinavia  and elsewhere seeking a new life in North America. The ship was designed to be the last word in comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. She also had a powerful wireless telegraph provided for the convenience of passengers as well as for operational use. Though she had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors, she lacked enough lifeboats to accommodate all of those aboard. Due to outdated maritime safety regulations, she carried only enough lifeboats for 1,178  people – a third of her total passenger and crew capacity. After leaving Southampton, England on 10  April 1912,  Titanic  called at  France  and Ireland before heading westwards towards New York. On 14 April 1912, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles south of Newfoundland, she hit an iceberg at 11:40  pm. The glancing collision caused  Titanics hull plates to buckle inwards in a number of locations on her  starboard  side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea. Over the next two and a half hours, the ship gradually filled with water and sank. Passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partly filled. Just before 2:20  am  Titanic  broke up and sank bow-first with over a thousand people still on board. Those in the water died within minutes from  hypothermia  caused by immersion in the freezing ocean. The 710 survivors were taken aboard from the lifeboats by the  RMS Carpathia  a few hours later. The disaster was greeted with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that had led to it. Many of the survivors lost all of their money and possessions and were left destitute; many families, particularly those of crew members from Southampton, lost their primary bread-winners. They were helped by an outpouring of public sympathy and charitable donations. Some of the male survivors, notably the White Star Lines chairman,  J.Bruce Ismay, were accused of cowardice for leaving the ship while people were still on board, and they faced social ostracism. The  wreck of the  Titanic  remains on the seabed, gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet (3,784  m). Since its rediscovery in 1985, thousands of artifacts have been recovered from the sea bed and put on display at museums around the world. Titanic  has become one of the most famous ships in history, her memory kept alive by numerous  books, films, exhibits and memorials. That’s all. Thank you.

International Trade Essay Example for Free

International Trade Essay Abstract One of the most confusing intolerance times is that free trade discussions are unlimited while free trade itself is growing and growing. For more than a while the government attempted to a global agreement to â€Å"lower trade barriers that have gone nowhere.† (Naim, 2007) The very last time trade was discussed they had reason to celebrate was in the late 1900’s this was when â€Å"125 nations agreed to a significant drop in trade barriers and the creation of new institution charged with supervising and liberalizing international trade, the World Trade Organization. † (Naim, 2007) â€Å"Keep in mind that, despite all the misgivings about international trade, the fact remains that countries share of economic activity related to exports is growing very fast, 1.5 faster than those with more stagnant exports.† (Naim, 2007) People know that economic growth alone may not be the right thing to help poverty; people must learn that without some kind of growth, all the efforts made will fall short. As trade grows the need for better rules is needed. International Trade The purpose of this paper is to address and discuss international trade. potential gains, the different types, the aspects and the impact of international trade. An international trade begins with what countries can do to survive the economics toughest times that must have some kind of trade. â€Å"Trading will give consumers and other countries the chance to be exposed to goods and services and not available in their countries. Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies, and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting, and transportation.† (Investopedia, 2012) There are rewarding opportunities in the field of international trade intermediation, but new entrants need to be apprised of industry challenges. (Perry, 1992) International trade is â€Å"the exchange of goods and services along international borders. This trade allows for greater competition and more competitive pricing in the market. The competition results in more affordable products for the consumer.† (business dictionary, 2013) International trade also known as foreign trade has maintained since the dawn of time. Trading goods which are transported on the backs of tradesmen across tribal boundaries, and bartered and sold among neighboring, and, hopefully, accommodating tribesman. (wisegeek, 2013) Even though international trade rose national gross domestic product by providing vastly expanded economic opportunity. International trade is most commonly recognized in the exchange of goods or products. However, trading services, such as expertise in a particular field, or the ability to facilitate the trade of goods, is another common form of foreign trade. â€Å"There are many potential gains from international trade that benefit the businesses and countries that engage in trade around the world. International trade creates new markets for domestically produced products, and it often results in the introduction of new products into domestic markets. Different countries have access to different resources and are, therefore, able to produce some products more cheaply and efficiently than others. One of the major gains from international trade is that some products that would be expensive to product domestically can be imported at a much lower cost. Though there are many gains from international trade, disadvantages also exist such as the high initial costs of entering a new foreign market and the necessity of dealing with strict international trade laws.† (wisegeek, 2013) International trade is simply the exchange of services and goods across various geographical borders. The types of international trade include inter-firm trade and intra-industry trade. Both types of international trade involve the importation of goods and service. There is a difference in the methods and range in which the various trades are applied. â€Å"One type of trade included in types of international trade is intra-industry trade in which importers import goods that are similar to those produced in the country. An example of this type of sale can be seen in the importation of automobiles.† (wisegeek, 2013) In intra-firm trade, the international trade is confined to various arms or supplementary of a multi-national corporation. â€Å"Inter-firm trade occurs between different types of companies that produce different types of goods. This type of trade may be seen in case of a supplier of raw materials and a company that is importing the raw materials, which is bases in another country.† (wisegeek, 2013) â€Å"Inter-industry trade refers to the method of trade whereby parties from two countries exchange goods that are not manufactured in either country. Sometimes the reasons why the countries are not able to manufacture the items may include a lack of technical ability to produce the item or lack of raw materials. Even though it is mainly material items in inter-industry trade that are included in types of international trade, intangible items like skills and services are also involved.†(wisegeek, 2013) â€Å"International trade is conducted by businesses that are efficient enough to be competitive on the international market. Businesses in different countries tend to specialize in different sections; for example, industrialized countries may have companies that specialize in high-tech manufacturing or financial services, while developing countries may export mainly agricultural products. Governments impose tariffs or quotas to protect some domestic industries from foreign imports, and these are a barrier to international trade. Trading internationally has been facilitated by international agreements and organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Negotiations have led to reductions in tariffs and quotas that had been a brake on international trade. Although international agreements are often hard to reach, negotiations in the WTO ensure that international trade issues are thoroughly considered.† (wisegeek, 2013) â€Å"International trade disputes may be resolved more easily as a result of the introduction of mechanisms for dispute resolution through agencies such as the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Countries have facilitated international trade for businesses by signing bilateral investment protection agreements that make certain guarantees for investors and provide for dispute resolution.† (wisegeek, 2013) International trade is a trade that rises above international borders. This is in direct contrast to domestic trade which is the trade that occurs within a territory or local market. International trade has been made possible by advances in technology that make it easier to communicate and coordinate the transfer of goods and services across territories. The impact of international trade can be seen in various areas including the economy, jobs, outsourcing and unfair labor practices. â€Å"One impact of international trade is its effect on the economy of the nation’s engaging in the trade. This effect is felt by both less developed and more developed nations. Most developed countries benefit by purchasing raw materials and finished products from less developed countries. Less developed countries gain by getting much needed financial resources from the trade. For instance, some developing countries in Africa and the Middle East have some natural resources like crude oil, metals and precious stones that they can sell to other countries are dependent on the financial resources. Another of International trade is its effect on jobs in the more developed countries. Most companies engage in outsourcing, which is a direct outcome of international trade.† The particular impact of international trade leads to the fears that some dishonest business associates might employ cheap labor in a manner that is detrimental to the workers from poor countries. Some concerns also arise about the potential of using underage labor in the manufacturing sector, especially the apparel and toy-making sectors. This is an undesirable impact of international trade. In conclusion, international trade affects the entire American economy. The early industrial years of American economy was based entirely on the exporting goods to other countries and these exports created the revenue to sustain the country. I addressed and discussed international trade, potential gains, the different types, the aspects, and the impact of international trade. What can international trade which begins with what countries can do to survive the economics toughest times that must have some kind of trade. Trading will give consumers and other countries the chance to be exposed to goods and service and sometimes not available for other countries. References Business Dictionary, 2013. International Trade. Retrieved February 11, 2013 from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/international-trade.html. Wise Geek, (2013). International trade. Retrieved February 11, 2013 from www.wisegeek.com/what-are-different-aspects-of-international-trade.htm. Wise Geek, (2013). What are the different types of International trade. Retrieved February 11, 2013 from www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-interentional-trade.htm Wise Geek, (2013). What are the different types of international trade. Retrieved February 12, 2013 from www.wisegeek.com/what-is-international-trade.htm. Wise Geek, (2013). What is the impact of international trade. Retrieved February 13, 2013 from www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-impact-of-international-trade.htm. Wise Geek, (2013). What are the potential gains from international trade. Retrieved February 13, 2013 from www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-potential-gains-from-international-trade.htm. Investopedia, 2012. What is International Trade? Retrieved February 11, 2013 from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/03/112503.asp#axzz2JgEj1WG4 Investopedia, 2012. What is International Trade? Retrieved February 11, 2013 from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/03/11503.asp#axzz2Kzwjb5ne Perry, A.C. (1992). US international trade intermediaries: A field study investigation. International Marketing Review, 9(2), 7-7. Retrieved February 16, 2013 from http://search.proquest.com/docview/224308899?accountid=41759. Naim, M. (2007). The free-trade paradox. Foreign Policy, (162), 96-96, 95. Retrieved February 12, 2013 from http://search.proquest.com/pqrl/printviewfile?accountid=41759