Understanding Emma :: essays research papers

Emma, who is extremely wealthy and very beautiful and the youngest of two daughters lived twenty one years without a trouble to bother her. She was the schoolmarm of her house in Highbury because her mother died when Emma was very young. The governess of the Woodhouse home Miss Taylor was very close to all three girls but, very close to Emma. Miss Taylor finally indomitable to marry Mr. Weston, the owner of Randalls. During the wedding her draw said that he is extremely upset that Mrs. Taylor married Mr. Weston. Emma admited to her father that she is rather pleased that Miss. Taylor has married Mr. Weston. It was Emmas motif to get the two acquainted. Emmas papa asks her to not stupefy some(prenominal) more matches and foretell things, and tells her that everything she says always comes to pass. Emma replied to her papa that she will not make any matches for herself but she must for other people. She told him that matching couples is a great amusement to her. She continues to boast about her success. Her father begs her again not to make any matches and Emma pleaded for his authority to make a match with Mr. Elton. Mr. Knightly who is the elder brother of Emmas sisters husband tried to make Emma think that she should not make any more matches and he told her that a man can take care of himself. Mr. Frank Churchill who is the son of Mr. Weston is the talk of the town. He rarely comes to visit his father in Highbury but when Mr. Weston got married, Mr. Churchill attended. Emma had made a friends with a girl heard Harriet who is a student at the boarding school, and has made a very good name for herself in the town. The girls would take walks together daily and talk . Occasionally, Harriet talked about a man named Robert Martin, Emma often wondered who he was. Harriet told Emma that she was very fond of Mr. Martin and may marry him. Emma tried to convince Harriet that she should not marry below her social status because she has made a good name for herse lf here. Emma mentioned Mr. Elton to Harriet and asks her what she thought of him. Harriet admitted that she had always been fond Mr. Elton and found him agreeable. Emma was laid on putting Mr.

AIDS :: Free AIDS Essays

AIDSAids stand for Acquired Immune Defiency Syndrome, which is the final and the most serious stage of the HIV Disease and it causes damage to the repellent placement. Between the ages of twenty five to forty four, AIDS is the fifth leading cause of death. Since the start of HIV disease forty seven million puzzle been septic in the world. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus is what causes aids. This virus attacks the immune remains and leaves the body open a lot of illnesses and cancers.Aids are transmitted by means of sexual contact, with blood, or from mother to the child. It is not spread by casual contact such as hugging, touching doorknobs, or toilet pose by a somebody infected with the HIV Virus. It is also not transmitted to a person who donates blood, but it can be transmitted to the person receiving blood or organs from an infected donor. The people that are at risk the most are homosexual men, who are having unprotected sex, drug users who get by the same needle, sex ual partners who participate in high risk activities, and infants born to the mother who is infected with the HIV Virus.Aids begin with the HIV infection. The people infected with the HIV Virus may not have any symptoms for ten or more years, but they can transmit the infection to other during this system free period. Their immune system emptied by HIV and is very susceptible to opportunistic infections. Some of the common symptoms are fever, sweats, swollen glands, chills, weaknesses, and weight loss. There is no cure for Aids at this very moment, but there are some(prenominal) treatments that are available that can possibly slow down the improvement of the disease for many years and improve the quality of life for the ones who have the symptoms. Antiviral Therapy suppresses the replication of the HIV Virus in the body. A combination of several antiretroviral agents, termed Highly Active Retroviral Therapy (HAART), has been highly effective in reducing the number of the HIV parti cle in the blood stream. This might help the immune system come back for a while and improve the T-cells count. People on HAART with suppressed levels of HIV can still give the virus to others through sex or by sharing needles this treatment shows a great promise. When HIV becomes resistant to HAART, salvage Therapy is required to try to suppress the resistant shape of HIV.

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

In the story of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, Mr. Broklehurst becomes a very(prenominal) disputable character that Jane encounters early in the story. Mr. Broklehurst, a rather annoying clergyman, feels that he has a specific goal. His goal, at least in his eyes, is to save the otherwise missed souls of his girls in the institution, but in reality he is trying to mold the girls to his own vision rather than Gods. For starters, he thinks that his depiction of what is good and dark is the same as Gods. He, in a sense, thinks he knows exactly what god knows. The only way that would work would be if he though he was God, right? He limits the girls appearance and he is very selective on what the girls should and should not eat for religions spiritual purposes. Mr. Brocklehurst feels that for spiritual reasons and to follow the motto of Lowood which says, Let your washy shine before men that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven- (St. Matt. v. 16.) He must limit the appearance of the girls. He had Julia Severn, a girl of natural curls, cut her hair off. When Miss Temple had tried to rationalize with Mr. Brocklehurst and tell him that her hair is natural he replies and says,Naturally Yes, but we argon not to con flesh to nature I wish these girls to be the children of Grace and why that abundance? I extradite again and again intimated that I intrust the hair to be arranged closely, modestly, plainly. Miss Temple, that girls hair must be cut off entirely I will spread a barber to-morrow and I see others who have far too much of the excrescence- that tall girl, tell her to turn round. Tell all the first form to rise up and direct their faces to the wall. (pg. 55)This quote leads me to think who are the girls suppose to follow the motto of, Gods or his? And in all honesty, I dont feel that God would think a person impure if they had curly red hair. Especially considering the fact that it is natural, meaning from God. He is very picky of what they should eat. I really dont believe that god would condemn you if you had an extra piece of bread but there again you have Mr.

Aptitude Treatment Interaction Research :: Education Classrooms Essays

Aptitude Treatment interaction Research Since the beginning of formal education, teachers/educators have sought the best method of commission to maximize the learning potential of their students. It was recognized early that students resist in intelligence, ability to learn, background, environment, learning style, and many other factors that affected their progress through the educational system. Over time the classroom became the place for a teachers intuition, experiences, and impressions of the child to be the guidebook (Cronbach & Snow, 1969). As a result, expertness treatment interaction (ATI) interrogation developed as a way to find the best methods of instruction for the student population.Historical Perspective and DefinitionsATI hypotheses were in ancient Chinese and Hebraical writings, in early Greek and Roman teaching, and early European philosophies. ATI, however, emerged as a modern research program when defined by Cronbach (1957) for instructional psychology. S ince then, ATI research has been used extensively in the field of education and more recently in industrial and clinical psychology (Snow, 1991).As with any study, definitions are organic to the understanding of the topic. According to Snow (1991), aptitude should refer to any measurable person peculiarity hypothesized to be needed as preparation for response to treatment to successful goal achievement in the treatment(s) studied (p.205). This writer prefers the definition given by Cronbach and Snow where aptitude is defined as any characteristic of the psyche that increases (or impairs) his probability of success in a given treatment (Cronbach & Snow, 1969, p. 5). Cronbach and Snow also say that aptitude is, essentially, whatever makes a person pay back to learn rapidly (or to adapt effectively to his environment). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language simply states that aptitude is the ability or inclination of an individual to develop skills or acquire know ledge (1969). Intelligence, motivation, and anxiety seem to be the most common aptitudes studied. Snow states that treatment is any manipulative situation covariant (Snow 1991). In the education field, treatment refers to the teaching methods and techniques measured by the outcome of a post-test (Peck, 1983). Teacher characteristics and differences in teaching styles are treatments affecting the learning of students.Interaction is defined statistically as the degree to which results for two or more treatments, or one treatment over two or more trials, differ for persons who also differ on one or more aptitude measures (Snow, 1991). This writer believes that interaction in the context of ATI refers to bi-directional action observed between the aptitude variables of the subject and the teaching techniques and methods of the instructor.

Why? :: Art

Why?After seeing the film The Virgin Suicides, I found myself asking the oral sex why. While talking to other students about the film again came the question, why? Why would these girls, with so much to encounter forward to, commit suicide? This question, why is the central theme of the whole film. Hearing many opinions on the film, I asked myself, what was the most disturbing aspect of this film? Focusing on the subtly disturbing manner in which the film is told and again asking why. I came to the conclusion that the most disturbing part of this film isnt so much the girls committing suicide, provided the fact that we dont know why they do it. Like the boys across the street, we are not content with what happens, we feel cheated, uniform its all a horrible inside joke and we just dont get the punch line. The first time the boys go into the house, they look around as if they were in the house of a dead idol, desire the smaller pieces of the girls lives are going to tell them so mething they havent yet considered. The way they steal Cecilias diary and try to imagine what the girls were thinking. The way they sit with the telescope pointed at the roof across the street, watching like confused children, which essentially is what they were. These are some of the more obvious voyeuristic scenes, but there are so many more. The film could almost be a beginners guide to stalking. All the boys were obsessed with the Lisbon girls. They wanted to know what they were doing, where they were, who they were, and most of all, why. The one time Lux let one of the boys get determination enough to answer some of these questions, he momentarily looses interest and leaves her at the football field. Which poses the question, were the boys fascinated with these girls because they were unique and interesting, or did they save want what they couldnt have, the interdict fruit. The bars of isolation put firmly into place by the Lisbon mother is what creates this aura of mystery around these girls. Her strict enforcement of the conservative lifestyle only adds fuel to the girls new found sexual fire. Like the boys, the girls only want to discover the unknown. And for the Lisbons, the unknown is the opposite sex.

Why? :: Art

Why?After seeing the film The Virgin Suicides, I found myself asking the question why. While talking to other students almost the film once again came the question, why? Why would these girls, with so much to look forward to, commit suicide? This question, why is the central theme of the whole film. interview many opinions on the film, I asked myself, what was the most disturbing aspect of this film? Focusing on the subtly disturbing manner in which the film is told and again asking why. I came to the conclusion that the most disturbing part of this film isnt so much the girls committing suicide, but the fact that we dont receive why they do it. Like the boys across the street, we are not content with what happens, we feel cheated, like its all a dread inside joke and we just dont get the punch line. The first time the boys go into the menage, they look around as if they were in the house of a dead idol, like the smaller pieces of the girls lives are going to tell them almostth ing they havent yet considered. The way they steal Cecilias diary and try to imagine what the girls were thinking. The way they sit with the telescope pointed at the roof across the street, watching like confused children, which essentially is what they were. These are some of the more obvious voyeuristic scenes, but there are so many more. The film could almost be a beginners guide to stalking. All the boys were ghost with the Lisbon girls. They wanted to know what they were doing, where they were, who they were, and most of all, why. The one time Lux let one of the boys get close enough to answer some of these questions, he momentarily looses interest and leaves her at the football field. Which poses the question, were the boys fascinated with these girls because they were unique and interesting, or did they only want what they couldnt have, the forbidden fruit. The bars of isolation put firmly into place by the Lisbon mother is what creates this aura of mystery around these gir ls. Her strict enforcement of the conservative lifestyle only adds fuel to the girls parvenue found sexual fire. Like the boys, the girls only want to discover the unknown. And for the Lisbons, the unknown is the opposite sex.

Essential of Systems Analysis and Design Essay

1.If some bingle at a party asked you what a musical arrangements analyst was and why anyone would want to be one, what would you say? Support your answer with evidence from this chapter. It is a method used by companies ranging between the different companies to create and maintain information systems that perform basic melodic phrase functions such as keeping itinerary of customer names and addresses, processing orders, and paying employees. The main goal of systems analysis is to improve organizational systems, typic every last(predicate)y through applying softwargon that can help employees hie key business tasks more easily and efficiently. As a systems analyst, you will be at the center of developing this software. The analysis and excogitate of information systems are based on the organizations objectives, structure, and processes. If you get everything that you can under your control, you absolutely are core in you company, maybe you are the core one of information group or operation group to expand you future. Throughout this book, they use the SDLC form to organize our discussion of the systems development process.2.Explain how a computing device-based information system visualiseed to process payroll is a specific example of a system. Be sure to account for all nine components of any system in your explanation. The system of payroll is well(p) keep track of check, just like inventory system keeps track of supplier. Both of systems are separated. You can see that a sys- tem exists within a larger world, an environment. A boundary separates the system from its environment. The system takes input from outdoors, processes it, and sends the resulting output back to its environment. Interaction between the system and the world outside of it. Then constrains to select some accept application information to provide the system, then the system check and track its purpose with the enter information from the supplier, if some(prenominal) of these inf ormation are get to the same purpose, the system will accept them and then run them, or the system will be rejected and mark off them run.3.How does the Internet, and more specifically the World Wide Web, fit into the picture of systems analysis and systems development drawn in this chapter? This is depend on systems development life cycle( SDLC ). branch of all, the system should select the data, which from that what the system need, and fit. When it collect all of the information, then the system are planning to analysis all of the information which from the system select. During systems design, analysts convert the comment of the recommended alternative solution into logical and then physiologic system specifications. You must design all aspects of the system from input and output screens to reports, databases, and computer processes. In physical design, you turn the logical design into physical, or technical, specifications.You must convert diagrams that map the origin, flow , and processing of data in a system into a structured systems design that can then be broken down into smaller and smaller units for conversion to instructions written in a programming language. So when you design the various parts of the system to perform the physical operations necessary to facilitate data capture, processing, and information output. During physical design, the analyst team decides which programming languages the computer instructions will be written in, which database systems and file structures will be used for the data, and which hardware platform, operating system, and network environment the system will run under.4.What do you think systems analysis and design will look like in the succeeding(a) decade? As you saw earlier in the chapter, changes in systems development sire been pretty dramatic in the past. A computer programmer suddenly transported from the 1950s to the 2000s would have trouble recognizing the computing environment that had evolved just fi fty years later. What dramatic changes might occur in the next ten years? In my opinion, the system analysis and design in the next decade will be altogether open which is like Google platform.Because the current situation is technical people often jump to another company because they have the most advantage technology in their hand to help the company upgrade their system. But the technology is changing and changing, no one can totally own them in their hand. They just learn them by the data program or computer language to improve themselves. At the end they should share all of their own at the open platform to improve all of technical people. I think they will create unbelievable data program and computer language, then the more and more unbelievable top technical harvest-tide will consists of every corner.Case Problem inseparable Best Health nutriment Storesa.Identify the different types of information systems used at lifelike Best Health Food Stores. Provide an example of e ach. Is an expert system currently used? If not, how could Natural Best benefit from the use of such a system? Based on the Nature Best Health Food Stores operation, service and management, I cite two types of information system at Nature Best Health Food Stores. There are some reasons to provide each. First of all, With the current system, a customer can sub- scribe to the Natural Best Delivery Service (NBDS) and have personal care, pet care, gourmet prod- ucts, and grocery items delivered on a weekly, bi- weekly, or monthly basis.The entire subscription process takes approximately five minutes. The salesclerk obtains the customers name, mailing address, credit card number, desired pitch items and quantity, auction pitch frequency, and speech sound number. Based on previous fact situation, I identify management information system for them. Secondly, since Nature Best Health Food Stores provide delivery service and subscribe their order and service on the website, the server tra cks inventory, customer activity, delivery schedules, and individual put in sales. Each week the NBDS generates sales summary reports, low-in-stock reports, and delivery schedule reports for each store. This face explain it has transaction information system in Nature Best Health Food Stores.b.Figure 1-4 identifies seven characteristics of a system. employ the Natural Best Health Food Stores scenario, provide an example of each system characteristic. There are seven characteristics of a system. The components are NBHFS and their customers. Boundary, which means the business between the customers and store. Environment, which means the business environment around customers and store based on the customers demand. Interfaces, which connect both of them with customers demand and store supply. Constraints that just supply the product and service to the butt joint customers, if some demands are out of this limit, it will be rejected by the system. Input that customers demand and reque sts are collected by store computer system. Output that the computer system analysis and operate data which come from customers, then design and make the final product and service to their target customers.c.What type of computing environment does Natural Best Health Food Stores have? There are six types of computing environment at Natural Best Health Food stores. They are software, hardware, customer, database, single computer system and several network connection.

Theme of Feminism in The Women Who Walked into Doors

The Wo hands Who Walked Into Doors The Feminist lens allows us to view a piece of literature from a different perspective. It applies the perspective of womens lib to a certain piece of literature. There are a large number of feminism literary theories and all with a different angle of viewing the literature. Some theories look at the way words and symbols in the book are gendered. Other theories show the difference of writing between male and distaff authors.Many theories also focus on stereotypes and inequalities of womens ights and how they are symbolized in a book. Basically the feminist lens helps you analyze a book based on the philosophies and views of ripe day feminism the any piece of literature. The Women Who Walked into Doors is a book about a woman named Paula and her struggle against her abusive husband that spent the 17 historic period of their marriage beating and abusing her. I am pretty sure that everyone who has read this book agrees that it is rightfully a fe minist novel with Roddy Doyle, the author, really stressful to explore the life a womans mind under abuse.The first signs of feminism come early in the book. Paula seems to be attracted to a guy named Charlo Spencer who is considered to be a labour, a term used to define an attracting looking person. We see the idea that women are into bad boys demonstrated by Paula when she falls for Charlo. She states how he looks sexy with his cigarette, a leather jacket, and blue denim Jeans. This was a typical description of a bad boy in the 90s. She also stated that he had a criminal insert as if it were a good thing and rather attractive.As the novel progresses a lot of feminist theories are presented such as the audacity is young women in the 90s and even in current times. Paula is a risk taker and likes to explore around and not really afraid of consequences. This again touches on the feminist theory that women fly the coop to be irrational decision makers in their late teenage hood. A perfect example from the book is when Paula ignored her fathers view on Charlo when he make it obvious he hated Charlo and said he is a criminal. but later in the novel as she grows older she realizes her father was right and only trying to protect her. This again supports the idea that during a stage of their life, women tend to make stupid decisions that they will regret later on in life. After Paula gets conjoin to Charlo and the abuse and beatings start Roddy Doyle really starts to push some strong feminist theories through. One of the most important being the reliance that a woman has towards a man and really takes this idea to its peaks.This is portrayed by Paula throughout most of the novel, even though Charlo beats, rapes, and abuses her she still says she loves him and she cant leave him. For the sake of her own safety and well(p) being she was not willing to let go of the man who she loved yet who abused her. This is supposed to show how women are dependent on men and be ing beat by a man is better than not having one. Finally he most important theory being presented I take is the unbalance of power between men and women and the breaking point ot a womans tolerance towards abusive behavior.Throughout their marriage Paula has been powerless by not being commensurate to make any choices or have any say in how things are done, because if she were to speak up she would likely get beaten by Charlo. This shows the imbalance in power and inequality in womens rights in the 90s when this book was written. Also even if Paula wanted to leave Charlo she did not have the power to on her own. However the idea presented is that women behave only like this is the problem is etween husband and wife, in the novel, when Charlo looks at Nicola, his oldest daughter, in a dirty way as if he wants to vituperate her is when Paulas breaking point is reached.She takes a frying pan and beats him down in the kitchen then kicks him out of the house for good. This brings us to the idea that when womens will not stand up for themselves but when their children are targeted they do the unthinkable to protect them. The fact that this book was written by a male author is really impressive for how he constructed the book from a females perspective and make it so effective in sending its messages and impacting on the reader.

Emotional Survival Paper

All concourse experience stress, and for those in public safety, individual stressors displace be compounded by a variety of factors. In addition to the stress employees experience at work, their personal life and support system are probably also contributing factors. Educating yourself to the signs, and symptoms caused by stress can alleviate you manage your bodys physicological response. Police officers often receive harsh criticism from the media and scant graditude from the public they protect and serve. This is why burnout among law enforcement officers is so prevalent. Police defend too much to do and not enough time to do their job.Crime and c eachs for constabulary service are increasing incessantly, but resources and time to do the job are not increasing accordingly. Police officers must do impossible tasks and consider unrealistic deadlines in the worst of working conditions. Officers suffering burnout often dont see the temporary nature of their feelings nor the ne ed for support. A concrete counseling to prevent burnout is to set realistic goals for yourself. Seek people to whom you can talk, take care of yourself physically and mentally, get enough sleep, and leave the job precinct when your shift ends.Constructive and deconstructive demeanor both can help you learn and gain experience while on the job. Constructive dash has a balanced focus on organisational outcomes and the people who are going to deliver those outcomes. It is also focused on organizational and individual learning. Constructive behavior is based on realistic motion and the belief that everyones effort makes a difference and mistakes are always seen as a learning opportunity. The individual grows and the organization prospers during this learning process, rather than blow resources in misguided attempts to cover up mistakes.Constructive behavior also sees people acting with integrity, supporting each other and building well-balanced and effective relationships. This b ehavior relies on personal power for influence rather than pure institutional power. On the other hand destructive behavior is the idea that sometimes people knowingly do things that can cause them to fail or bring trouble. Destructive behavior is any deliberate or intentional behavior that has clear, negative effects on the self or the selfs life. Destructive behavior is commonly found when people feel that others view them less favourably then the people desire.This behavior is done when a person literally and knowingly makes a trade-off in a situation. It is when a person chooses a certain option that has some benefit but also has the electromotive force to cause harm to the person as well. Both constructive and destructive behaviors have potential to educate and justify different aspects on how to properly help you out with your flight. The new officer can take the veterans destructive behavior has a learning ability. Law enforcement personnel, like all other human beings, f orm their worldviews and predictions about life from the situations and events they see every day.Hypervigilance is a biological state. Hypervigilance is the necessary manner of viewing the world from a threat-based perspective, having the mindset to see the events unfolding as potentially hazardous. The perceptual set of hypervigilance lets the officer have an increased awareness of all the data available in the environment. The affects of hypervigilance can be improved by be access more socially involved. The desire for social encounters at home can help find themselves being more communicative.The willingness to engage in conversation or activities that are not police related and interaction with nonpolice friends and acquaintances can help with this process. If officers are going to survive ethical dilemmas they need to be as physically and mentally prepared as they would be for tactical encounters. Some of the potential problems that develop when working in law enforcement incl ude the job consumes all your personal time which negatively impacts your family, your world view changes, increased rate of suicide, depression, isolation, and secession from society.This makes it easy of officers to deny the negative aspects to justify continuing with their career. The first step to maintaining a healthy relationship with your family and friends is the ability to control activities, priorities, and schedules. It is important to have a strategy that permits to harness the available time in ones life to accomplish whatever goals we choose to pursue. Life is about balance and mad Survival for Law Enforcement will help officers realize the importance of this balance.On duty the officer is alive, alert, energetic, involved and humorous. But off duty they are tired, detached, isolated, and apathetic. The officer crashes upon coming home relegated to sitting on the recliner with a beer as he withdraws into himself to the exclusion of his family, loved ones and friends. It is important for all officers to know, early on, that overinvestment in their police career will eventually destroy their home life and family relationships. All the things and activities that you used to enjoy you no longer engage in.

High Performing Teams

Introduction This paper will cover several topics related to high-performing groups and convey groups. It will discuss how these two kinds of workplace people sets and how they differ in their pursuit of judicatureal strategy and comp atomic number 18 these variances to virtual team ups. It will identify the characteristics of roaring leaders of high-performing teams and finally discuss why high-performing teams argon important to organizations. High-Performing Teams and Work GroupsBefore we can put high-performing teams or work groups, we will need to define the term team first. A team can be defined as a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common point, set of performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. That definition lays d possess the discipline that teams essential share to be effective (Katzenbach, 2005). Organizations utilise teams to perform operational and project based tasks.People on the job(p) in teams have the capacity to solve complex problems that cannot be solved by individuals working alone. People working in teams bring much resources to a task, including a variety of perspectives, knowledge, skills, and experience (Capella University, 2008). This diversity of perspectives, knowledge, skills, and experience allows a team to outperform the nubble of its parts and is a critical component of a team being labeled as a high-performing team.Teams come in m each forms, they can be permanent or temporary, they can be leader-led or self-managed, and they can be co-located or virtual. Regardless of their character and form, all teams are made up of individuals interacting interdependently to extend to common organizational goal. Furthermore, all teams share the following clear boundaries, common tasks, differentiated piece functions, autonomy, dependence on others, and collective responsibility (Capella University, 2008). Teams definitely are forms of work gr oups, but not all work groups are teams (Brounstein, 2011).A work group is also a collection of individuals however they may not have complementary skills, a common purpose or a set of shared goals. In a work group, each member is responsible for(p) for only their own individual contributions. He or she achieves outcomes or makes their contribution to the organization in (relative) isolation. Individuals need not have any concern close what other members of the group achieve. Within a work group, there is not the interconnectedness and shared responsibility you see between team members.Each member of a group can say I did my best it is not my fault that others did not pull their weight (www. leadership-development-coaching. com, 2011). To add more context to the difference between work groups and teams refer to Table 1 (Brounstein, 2011). Work Groups Teams Individual accountability Individual and mutual accountability Come together to share development and perspectives Frequentl y come together for discussion, decision-making, problem solving and planning. Focus on individual goals Focus on team goals kick upstairs individual work products Produce collective work products Define individual roles, responsibilities, and tasks Define individual roles, responsibilities, and tasks to help team do its work often share and rotate them Concern with ones own outcome and challenges Concern with outcomes of everyone and challenges the team faces Purpose, goals, approach to work shaped by manager Purpose, goals, approach to work shaped by team leader with team members Table 1 Difference between Work Groups and TeamsHigh-Performing teams have deeper characteristics that separate them from any team with the team characteristics mentioned previously. Members of high-performing teams tend to develop a collective purpose that goes beyond that which the organization has established for them (Capella University, 2008). According to Harvard researcher Richard Hickman, high-pe rforming teams must meet three effectiveness criteria (Capella University, 2008) * The team must consistently produce high-quality output. * The team must promote the personal growth needs and well-being of team members. The team must grow and learn as a unit. The Pursuit of Organizational dodge It is not too much of a stretch to see which scenario is preferable when it comes to pursuing alignment with your organizations strategy. Those in a workgroup, although maybe fix in roles and responsibilities to the organizations strategic imperatives, is not concerned about others in his group or department, and therefore has no vested interest in some other succeeding. High performing teams, on the other hand, consider their team as equally or more important than themselves.A recent study of jeopardy 1000 companies conducted by the Center for Effective Organizations at the University of Southern California concluded that 68 percent of the organizations in the study use self managed or h igh-performing teamsbut the study also shows only 10 percent of workers were in such teams (Capella University, 2008). Therefore, as much as we can agree there is a benefit from moving those in work groups into high-performing team environments, these environments are difficult to create, lead and maintain.A failed attempt to create a high-performing team could be more detrimental than keeping a group of individuals in the work group mode, and thus making each individual accountable for driving alignment with the organizations strategy. Virtual teams can play an interesting twist on this strategic alignment anomaly. This author suggests that virtual teams are no different in driving alignment with organizational strategy than co-located teams, with one exception.In the role of operational control, where, for example a help-desk or call-center can take advantage of the follow-the-sun support methodology, you can find significant benefit by tying a virtual teams performance as a team to an SLA, where individuals are working together to answer phones within a certain amount of rings, meet a certain first call resolution statistic etc. This emblem of virtual team, if lead properly can be a very high-performing team, as their bonuses and overall performance can be tied to these SLA results of the team.Successful leading Characteristics of High-Performing Teams Leadership of high-performing teams have been mentioned twice in this paper once to summarize how difficult it is to maintain high-performing teams, the second to note how to lead a high-performing virtual team. Managing any team is not an easy task. Managing and maintaining high-performing teams is increasingly difficult. Creating and managing high-performing teams is as much an art as it is a science. There is no magic formula that will uarantee team success, nor is there one best way to lead a team (Capella University, 2008). We can define four team leadership skills that will help depend upon work gro ups and teams into high-performing teams 1. Invest in ongoing personal development 2. Provide team direction, structure and resources 3. Help the team manage boundaries 4. Manage the type and clock of interventions The Importance of High-Performing Teams We have shown the significant benefit of creating and maintaining high-performing teams concerning an organizations strategy and team accomplishment.High-performing teams tend to require less management since the team assumes a purpose as a whole and not individuals. These teams tend to be self-managed, or slightly managed by a leader, more so in a facilitation role than what we know as a daily manager. The most important task of the team leader is to create a work context that inspires and enables the team to do its work rather than directly intervening in the teams day-to-day work (Capella University, 2008).This is increasingly important to organizations as the economic outlook continues to extract reductions in departmental pers onnel. References Brounstein, M. (2011). Differences between Work Groups and Teams. Retrieved celestial latitude 5, 2011, from Dummies. com Making Everything Easier http//www. dummies. com/how-to/content/differences-between-work-groups-and-teams. html Capella University. (2008). TS5160 Business Foundations (2nd Custom ed. ). Boston Pearson Custom Publishing.Katzenbach, J. (2005, July 1). The Discipline of Teams. Retrieved December 5, 2011, from Capella University http//web. ebscohost. com. library. capella. edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=3hid=119sid=0579d6ae-2d3d-4908-9971-cea2472130f6%40sessionmgr112 www. leadership-development-coaching. com. (2011). Team vs Group implications for leaders. Retrieved December 5, 2011, from Leadership Development Coaching http//www. leadership-development-coaching. com/team-vs-group. html

Teenage Marriage

Teenage Marriage Teen marriage is typically defined as the union of two adolescents, joined in marriage from the age fly the coop of 1419 years old. Until the late 20th century, puerile marriage was very common and instrumental in securing a family, continuing a crease lineage and producing offspring for labor. 1 Many factors contribute to teen marriage such as love, teen pregnancy, religion, security, family and peer pressure, arranged marriage, economical and political reasons, social advancement, and cultural reasons.Studies have shown that teenage married couples are often less advantageous, may come from broken homes, may have gnomish education and work low-toned status jobs in comparison to those that marry after adolescence. 2 Although a majority of teen marriages suffer from complications and often lead to divorce, several(prenominal) are successful. For example, in India, where teenagers are sometimes forced to marry by arrangement, more than 90% of these marriages will not end in divorce. In the United States, fractional of teen marriages disrupt within 15 years of the marriage. 3 The rate of teen marriage, however, is decreasing due the many opportunities that are available now that previously were not available before. Presently, teen marriage is not widely accepted in much of the world. 4 Teen marriage is most prevalent in culturally or geographically insulate parts of the world and it is decreasing where education is the focus of the population Teen marriage is typically defined as the union of two adolescents, joined in marriage from the age range of 1419 years old.Until the late 20th century, teen marriage was very common and instrumental in securing a family, continuing a blood lineage and producing offspring for labor. 1 Many factors contribute to teen marriage such as love, teen pregnancy, religion, security, family and peer pressure, arranged marriage, economic and political reasons, social advancement, and cultural reasons.Studi es have shown that teenage married couples are often less advantageous, may come from broken homes, may have little education and work low status jobs in comparison to those that marry after adolescence. 2 Although a majority of teen marriages suffer from complications and often lead to divorce, some are successful. For example, in India, where teenagers are sometimes forced to marry by arrangement, more than 90% of these marriages will not end in divorce.In the United States, half of teen marriages dissolve within 15 years of the marriage. 3 The rate of teen marriage, however, is decreasing due the many opportunities that are available now that previously were not available before. Presently, teen marriage is not widely accepted in much of the world. 4 Teen marriage is most prevalent in culturally or geographically isolated parts of the world and it is decreasing where education is the focus of the populationRelated post Social Studies SBA on Teenage Pregnancy

First Perceptions of Blanche Dubois Essay

What are your early perceptions of Blanche? In what ways has Tennessee Williams created this response? The delineation of Blanche Dubois as seen in the kickoff chapter of Tennessee Williams A trolley car Named Desire is one of astonishment and acceptance. She has patently had to travel some distance to reach her destination and I think that this has taken its toll on Blanche and affects her effort ulterior on in the aspect, and which may also explain her growing hysteria.The first time the Blanche is depicted by the stage directions, the reader (or view of the play) obviously nonices that she does not fit in with the poor, run down area of impertinently Orleans that she had entered Her expression is one of shocked dis picture flavoring as if she were arriving at a summer tea or cocktail party in the garden district Her delicate beauty must avoid a strong light. there is something ab fall out her uncertain manner, as well as her white clothes, that suggests a mothFrom this description, we can infer that, like a moth that is attracted to the light or flame, which will doubtlessly burn it, she too could be attracted to something that could hurt her in some way. The white that she is wearing also suggests purity and innocence, possibly reflecting her arrival to the alien world. Throughout the first scene, Blanche is constantly interacting with the different characters of the play, including Eunice, Stella and Stanley.She also only talks to these characters singularly, which allows for dramatic irony to develop and also concentrates the interaction between her and another character, which allows her to express her different views to the terce characters in the opening scene. I think this allows Blanche to communicate different aspects of her character, and her social class, which seems to alter the way she communicates with the different characters she encounters.Blanche talks to Eunice as if she has not spoken to soulfulness of Eunices class very ofte n. She responds to Eunice with short and simple answers and does not seem to want to get into a conversation with her. Towards the end of their conversation, Blanche seems to get impatient, as she wants to be left alone and has a small outburst What I meant was Id like to be left alone. I think this reflects Blanche belief of her social class, and that she is above others (especially the black, lower class).After her encounter with Eunice, Blanche is given a short amount of time to reflect on her new surroundings, which she is obviously not comfortable with or use to by her statement to herself Ive got to keep hold of myself. This shows the tension and hysteria building up within her, which will later on be released. Blanche is much more open and grand with her sister, and is thrilled to see her, although disappointed to see that Stella is living in such an area of New Orleans.There seems to be tension between the two sisters, created by their uneasiness of how they talk of their p ast and the anxious, tension building stares that they give each other, and the way that Blanche seems to subordination the conversation trying to keep herself talking until she has to stop and realize the reality of her situation and where she is. Blanche also seems to be very defensive of herself, and talks of her pain of notice the people around her die in her own home.She seems to think that Stella may look down on her for losing Bell Reve, and becomes hysterical towards the end, until she reaches another climax and bursts out with I let the place go? Where were you? In bed with your Polak . Blanche also seems concerned with her own self image But dont look at me, Stella, no, no, no, not till Ive bathed and rested . I think that this also is due to her class and her belief that she is of a higher social place than the people around her (with the possible exception of her sister). Her other weakness seems to be her drinking.She nervously looks around in Stellas and Stanleys flat for some alcohol and has some, but later on says (indirectly) that she had not had one and that she would only drink one a day. I think this may show Blanche nervousness and what she may do when she is nervous. She therefore may use alcohol as an escape from reality, and the place, which she finds herself in. Blanche seems a bit uneasy around Stanley when they first encounter, and is much less talkative than she is to Stella (possibly, again due to her social class beliefs).Also, I think she is not utilize to people being so direct with her, as Stanley asks her a person-to-person question to do with her last love quite early. This ends in a climax and her proclaiming Im afraid m going to be gaga. Looking at the scene as a whole, I can see that Blanche is not use to her new environment, and that she is finding it difficult to get used to her settings, possibly because she was caught completely by surprise when she discovered where her sister lived. This I think has took its toll on Blanche as it has weakened her throughout the first scene and made her slightly hysterical.

Transformation of dracula

Transformation of fluidram drachma Is a timeless novel written by Abram Stoker and to this day remains a thrilling ingest about good vs. evil In the form of Van Helping and his companions pitted against the supernatural forces of compute Drachma, the vampire from Transylvania. Not only was this novel about good vs.. Evil simply upon inspection free-base to have many issues and views relevant to the time it was written. This caused it to be a huge success of its time and in 1922 the German director Murmur seeing the success of the story put it under transformation and named it Nonstarter.This placid film was very similar to Drachma except It was more relevant to the times It was written In. human beings opinion about certain aspects of society had changed and even though both forms of media were set in the similar timesh are some themes had been eliminated or turned on their heads. Now both these media were make in different styles with Drachma made in the gothic style. This is apparent with the Supernatural aspect of Drachma and his Vampire kin. Stokers descriptions of Drachma are always set as comparisons to animals so even when In human form Drachma Is not quite human but kinda meeting far more unnatural.In Nonstarter the style Is the star of the time being German expressionism with themes prevalent throughout the film, the most obvious being the use of shadows to indicate darkness and evil as well as the unknown. This is best captured with the powerful Image of estimate Errol paseo up the stairs to attack Nina with his eerie shadow adding to the sense of darkness and mystery. Drachma had many themes but identical Nonstarter was an expression of the times In which they were conceived In, so many themes in Drachma did not make the transition. GenderHierarchy was viewed as an Important cog of Victorian culture and that held true throughout the book with the submissive, preoccupied females needing the help of the apparent stronger sex, males. Th e only exception to this is Mina but even then she is only fitting to by having a mans brain. Christian salvation and imagery was not part of the transformation surgical procedure into nonstarter as being an important theme in Drachma is non-existent In Nonstarter. A long scene to help show this Is the killing of Lucy where after being killed for a second time Lucy Is restored to unequaled sweetness ND purity. SE of holy symbols only reinforces this theme with the crucifix and holy wafers making appearances. The theme of superstition vs.. Science is similarly at the forefront with the logical, rational dry Seward inefficient to explain the snappy with all of his reasoning and it is only through superstition from a man of senior higher creed who is unable to uncover the mystery. Also when it comes to the hunting and killing of Drachma science is not enough to defeat the wildcat and faith Is needed to kill the monster. The big thing of the unknown ,strange east Invading prog ressive closedEngland was also not only an issue in the book but an issue at the time with high immigration rates making some conservative Englishmen very nervous. Nonstarter due to the time it was made after the 1st world war therefore had more themes applying to post war Germany and some themes from Drachma where completely rubbed out with the gender hierarchy almost reversed as the men look like bumbling and his blatant disregard of clues from a book of vampires accompanied by Errol being deterred by the prayer beads the only mention of these two themes. Religion vs.. Science wasnt as big of as issue as at the time of nonstarter.This was different for Drachma as Charles Darnings origin of species had Just been published challenging the faith of many Christians perhaps leading conservative Abram Stoker to show that religion is still important. In the sasss this wasnt as big of an issue and therefore was not a theme in the film. WWW was the bloodiest war in human history at that p oint and the Spanish influenza had Just ripped its way through Europe. This is reflected in the way Count Errol brings death to Thomas Hatters city with the scene f the coffins being taken atomic pile the street.You will notice that Count Oarlocks teeth are different to Drachmas. Errol has the teeth of a rat rather than the stereotypical enlarged canines. Also his arrival is matched by some rats who are also bringers of plague. So count Errol could be a symbol for the rat as he brings what is reported in the film as plague. All in all I believe Transformation to be a useful spear as it can expose people who enjoyed the original to something different and in Drachmas case show a great contrast between different times and different people.

Education Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria Essay

precept is a process in which knowledge and social capabilities demanded, argon acquired. It is to a nation, what the mind is to the body, just as a deceased mind is handicapped in the co-ordination and direction of the corporeal activities setbacks in the education system would act as a hindrance to economic development. Thus, the single virtually significant complex of social-control tools for national development is found in the educational system be it dinner gown or informal. (Uwadia , 2010).It is also accepted that the development of any nation depends largely on the development of the benevolent population in that nation which can majorly be improved through education. Smith (1937) stressed the importee of education in human capital formation. Therefore it follows that a reduction in the investment in education would affect the stock of the overall human capital base and productivity. Thus investment on education is considered to be a critical element to alleviate poverty, reduce unemployment and append economic emergence (Chukwu, 2011).It is with this knowledge that The UNESCO recommended that 26% of the annual budget be allocated to the Education sector and the agreement between the federal official governing and Staff unions on October 22, 2009 was also estimateed at the improvement of the education sector. However in our cartoon we would realize that a country like Nigeria has been operating below the percentage recommended by UNESCO as our usance on education usually lies around 5.3%. According to the Federal Ministry of Education (2003), the educational system in Nigeria faced ill periods between 1979-1995 due to resurgence of instability and financial inadequacies in the management, and was affected by the general economic down twisting of the 1980s.In response to this, the Federal Government subsequently growth the budget allocation to education in the following years. These increments can be observed from 1995-2004 whereby education expense increased from N12,816,400,000 in 1995 to N93,767,886,839 in 2004. A total increase in expenditure by 631.63%. Such a huge increase in education expenditure should initiate a relatively large increase in the Nigerian education system.It is however apparent that the growth of the Nigerian economy has led to an increase in the National budget allocation to education over the years but how this in turn has played a role in the development of the Education sector, remains a puzzle unsolved. all in all these provoked the conduct of this study.In this vain, it is expected that in a developing country like Nigeria that seeks to master economic development, the increasing amounts pumped into the education sector volition be utilized effectively and in turn will result to the development of Education in Nigeria. However, this is not the case.A cursory inspect at the quality of our education reveals that Nigeria is a long way from reaching neither the promised land of Education f or all by 2015 nor its wide dream of being one of the 20 best world economies by 2020. With more money driven into the sector and nothing to show for it, one can then think that the cause of our torpid education system is not financial inadequacy. On the other hand, it may be a contributing factor. Hence the need for our study arises.In the light of this, this study is carried out with the aim of highlighting the relationship between education expenditure and the development of the education sector. Also, we shall show how the education measurement is deteriorating despite the increment in budgetary allocations from 1995 to 2004.Explicitly, the objectives are as follows a.To determine and task the pattern of Government expenditure on education. b.To ascertain the performance of the education sector in comparison to Government expenditure in the sector.This study is carried out on the Nigerian education sector with emphasis on Nigerias budget allocation to Education and so all res ources and observations to be made are restricted to Nigeria. data and information to be used in this research are secondary data obtained. These data are to be gathered between May 30th and June 17th, 2011.This research on the Nigerian Education sector shall be based on data from 1995 to 2004 (ten years). It was in this period that a steady increase in the budget allocation to the education sector was observed.Data required to carry out this research shall be extracted from The National Bureau of Statistics publications Federal budgetary allocations. Ministry of Education, Awka Zonal Office The Joint Admission Matriculation mesa (JAMB) Zonal Office The National Examination Council (NECO) zonal office The West Examination Council (WAEC). The Central lodge of Nigeria Annual publications on the National budget.In this research paper, the ordinary least squared method will be employed using annual time series data (1995-2004), in order to assess the impact of education expenditure on the development of the sector.This work will be done in the form of a research paper because it is an expanded essay that presents out own interpretation, evaluation and argument. We make water succeeded in building upon what we know about the statement of the problem at hand.

21th Bled eConference eCollaboration Essay

1 mental homeThis is not a look make-up. Rather, it is a teaching report in which I describe the use of the so c e real last(predicate)ed beer distri exactlyion granulose (or beer indorse) a logistics and tag on string color granulose in teaching business-to-business e mercantile system. The aim of the paper is dickens-fold First, I necessitate to examine how the beer indorse tummy be employ to rear students with a to a greater extent operose understanding of the reasons why eCommerce technologies argon utilise in coetaneous allow cooking stoves to exchange knowledge and to facilitate collaboration. Second, I want to sh be both my sleep togethers and my materials for using the beergame in eCommerce lams with the IS community, i.e. those scholars that teach (business-to-business) eCommerce or append scope counseling courses. The beergame is a role- fill simulation game in which students enact a quaternion pose append kitchen range. The task of this ren der range of a function is to produce and go to bed units of beer the pulverization produces and the other trinity stages deliver the beer units until it reaches the client at the d proclaimstream end of the drawstring. In doing so, the aim of the players is rather bargon(a) each of the four groups has to fulfil the first appearance ordinances of beer byplacing hallows with the next upriver party. Since communication and collaboration is not allowed between tag on train stages, the players invaria588bly create the so called bullwhip erect. With bullwhip we refer to the emergence that the amount of periodical tack togethers amplifies upstream in the append chain towards the merchandiseion end, thus causing a range of operational problems. The bullwhip centre is a well-known(a) phenomenon and a prominent omen of coordination problems in allow chain. In using the beergame to create the bullwhip emergence students experience introductory hand, not unaccompanied the problems of overleap of reading sh ar and collaboration in total chains, but similarly the main causes for the creation of the bullwhip incumbrance. Henceforth, in introducing eCommerce measures in the later posings of the course, students chiffonier relate to these topics through their own experiences. The paper ties in with a recent talk aboution on the ISWorld eMail list on how to restrain relevant IS teaching for students with little or no practical experience. In teaching nurture systems (IS) and specifically B2B eCommerce we frequently experience problems of making relevant those topics for students. The challenge is to get them to appreciate the relevance of IS and besides to provide them, not only with a superficial knowledge of the topics, but with a more big(a) understanding of the reasons why eCommerce technologies atomic number 18 employ in traffic pattern. Against this backdrop I want to appearing how the beergame tush help demonstrating the role and need of eCommerce technologies in a topic atomic number 18a in which the students not only lack practical knowledge (i.e. with regards to affix chains), but characteristicly also do not use up their own frame of reference to be able to relate to the topics we teach. To this end, I willing introduce the beergame, demonstrate its use in a schoolroom setting, present typical results created by playing the game and surface how I embed the game in a typical B2B eCommerce syllabus. I begin with introducing the game and the bullwhip prep ar (in portion 2). In section 3, I then describe the applications programme of the beergame in a classroom setting I move over an overview of a beergame sitting and present typical results. Section 4 demonstrates how typical lend chain problems (and the causes of the bullwhip port out) can be deduced from the beergame experience in indian lodge to make the introduction of eCommerce measures for better put out chaincoordination. The sec tion is concluded by a synopsis of typical eCommerce topics that can honor the beergame in a typical B2B syllabus (section 4.3).2 The BeergameIn the pas sentence I will setoff give a brief introduction to the bullwhip opinion before I introduce the beergame itself, i.e. its history, structural apparatus and the rules of the game.2.1 Bullwhip effect as symptom of typical supply chain problems The bullwhip effect is a well-known symptom of typical coordination problems in (traditional) supply chains. It refers to the effect that the amount of periodical set outs amplifies as peerless carrys upstream in the supply chain towards the increaseion end (Lee, Padmanabhan & Whang 1997a). Even in the face of s display panel customer fill petite variations in accept at the retail end unravel to dramatically extend upstream the supply chain with the effect that army amounts are very(prenominal) erratic, and can be very high in one week and al just about zero in the next week. Thi s phenomenon was discovered and first described by Forrester (1961) who did investigate into the relationship between order of magnitude and personal credit line obligeing patterns using simulation object lessons (Warburton 2004). The term itself was first coined around 1990 when Procter&Gamble perceived erratic and amplified order patters in its supply chain for 589baby diapers. The effect is also known by the names whiplash or whipsaw effect (Lee, Padmanabhan & Whang 1997a), which refers metaphorically to the visualisation of order patterns moving upstream the supply chain (see enter 3). As a consequence of the bullwhip effect a range of inefficiencies occur throughout the supply chain, e.g. high (safety) blood directs, poor customer usefulness levels, poor capacity utilisation, aggravated problems with charter forecasting, and ultimately high toll and low levels of inter-firm trust (Chopra & Meindl 2001 Lee, Padmanabhan & Whang 1997a). While the effect is not new and a lot of research has been conducted and supply chain projects hurt been initiated since its discovery, it is shut a bureau a timely and pressing problem in contemporary supply chains. Various research studies reserve quantified the effect and estimate that profitability in most supply chains readiness improve by up to 30% by eliminating the bullwhip effect (Metters 1997McCullen & Towill 2002).2.2 Beergame setup and rulesHaving introduced the bullwhip effect and its implications for the supply chain and its players I will now introduce the beergame, its setup and rules. I begin by providing a brief history of the game before I present the general structure and the rules of the game. 2.2.1 write up of the beergame The beergame (or beer distribution game) was earlier invented in the 1960s by Jay Forrester at MIT as a result of his land on system dynamics (see Forrester 1957). While the original goal of the simulation game was to research the effect of systems structures on the b ehaviour of throng (structure creates behaviour), the game can also be employ to demonstrate the benefits of information sharing, supply chain counselling, and eCollaboration in the supply chain (Li & Simchi-Levi 2002). A range of distinct strains of the beergame take up emerged over the years. The original beergame was realised as a be on game (Sterman 1989). Meanwhile a table reading (Ossimitz, Kreisler & Zoltan 2002) and also computing machineised simulations (Hieber & Hartel 2003) postulate been developed. In this paper I predominantly d painful on a table version, which I adapted from the so called Klagenfurt intent (cp. Ossimitz, Kreisler & Zoltan 2002) the structural setup of the table version is shown in configurations 1 and 2. I will briefly discuss advantages and disadvantages of the divergent game versions in chapter 3.1 where I discuss the administration of the beergame in a classroom setting. 2.2.2 General structure of the game The beergame simulates a supp ly chain that consists of four stages (retailer, wholesaler, distributer and factory), each of which is played by one or better dickens or trey players (Goodwin & Franklin Sr. 1994). Hence, a supply chain is typically played by 8 to 12 people, while more than one supply chain can be administered in one class at the same time. The task of each supply chain is to produce and deliver units of beer the factory produces and the other threesome stages deliver the beer units until it reaches the foreign customer at the downstream end of the supply chain. In doing so, the aim of the players is rather simple each sub group has to fulfil the incoming orders of beer. The retailer receives an outwardly predetermined customer demand and places orders with the wholesaler the wholesaler bills orders to the distributor, who orders fromthe factory the factory finally 590produces the beer. Hence, orders break away in the upstream direction, while deliveries flow in the downstream direction of the supply chain. An important structural view of the game is delay (i.e. time lag) in order to account for logistics and returnion time. Each delivery (and production order) requires two rounds until they are finally delivered to the next stage. In the structural setup of the game this is represented by two shipping delay fields located in between the supply chain stages as well as at the production end (figure 1). Order flow conditionDelayDelayDelayFactory Factory distributor distributer wholesaler Wholesaler seller Retailer production flow participate 1 Supply chain setup in the beergame table version assimilatorOutgoing orderPlay sheetIncoming orderWholesalerDelayDistributor DistributorOutgoing deliveryDelayFactoryIncoming deliveryStudentStudent enroll 2 Detailed table layout 2.2.3 Rules of the game The game is played in rounds, which simulates weeks. In each round the sideline rates have to be carried out by the players 1) receive incoming orders, 2) receive incoming deliv eries, 3) modify play sheets (outstanding deliveries and inventory), 4) send out deliveries, and finally 5) decide on the amount to be say. In doing so, deciding on each rounds order amount is effectively the only purpose that players are able to make throughout the game eachthing else follows a set of fixed rules. The first rule is that every order has to be ful fill up, either instanter (should the players inventory be large enough) or later in subsequent rounds. In the latter case, players have to keep track of their backlog (backorder) (Coakley et al. 1998). Secondly, inventory and backlog line up cost each item in stock be EUR 0.50 per week, while each item on backlog costs EUR 1.00. Consequently, the primary aim of each subgroup is to keep their costs low. Hence, the optimal strategy for the players is to course their business with as little stock as possible without being forced to move into backorder. Thirdly, players are notallowed to communicate. The only informat ion they are allowed to exchange is the order amount there is no transparentness as to what stock levels or effective customer demand is only the retailer knows the external demand (Rafaeli et al. 2003). Moreover, the game is based on the simplification of unlimited capacity (in stock keep591ing, production and transportation) and unlimited coming to raw materials at the production end (Hieber & Hartel 2003). 2.2.4 The external demand In playing the game the external demand is predetermined and unremarkably does not vary greatly. In the beginning, the supply chain is pre- signised with inventory levels (e.g. 15 units), orders (e.g. 5 units) and beer units in the shipping delay fields (e.g. 5 units). In order to induce the bullwhip effect to the supply chain the external demand remains stable for a hardly a(prenominal) rounds (e.g. 5 units for 5 rounds) before it suddenly shows one steep augment (jumps to 9 units) before it remains stable once again at this higher level for th e remainder of the game (usually 40 to 50 rounds in total). However, the one outgrowth in external demand is enough to induce variance into the supply chain, which will inevitably admit to the creation of the bullwhip effect and to a destabilisation of ordering patterns throughout the supply chain.3 Using the beergame in classHaving described the idea, the structural setup, and the rules of the beergame, I will now discuss the administration of the game in a classroom setting. This is followed by the presentation of typical results generated by beergame applications in eCommerces courses. These results are very expedient for deriving the causes of the bullwhip effect in discussions with students in a so-called debriefing school term (see section 4). For a session outline of a B2B course that uses the beergame please refer to appendix 2 the experiences shared in the following sections are more or less based on this session outline.3.1 Administering the beergame3.1.1 Choosing a be ergame version As mentioned above, different versions of the beergame exist for use in classroom settings. The traditional version isa card game in which tokens are physically moved on the get along to represent orders and stock. The upside of the board version is that people relate well to moving actual objects. However, there are two downsides firstly, the board game is too slow, cumbersome and complex to administer certifyly and more importantly, because physical objects are used to represent inventory on the board, people enjoy an unwanted transparency of inventory levels of other supply chain stages and can thus strategically act upon their knowledge of incoming stock. The table version of the beergame was originally developed by a team at the University of Klagenfurt (Ossimitz, Kreisler & Zoltan 2002). It shows several improvements to the original design such as a leaner and more pragmatic approach to moving orders and stock in the supply chain. fundamentally this is done b y using paper slips on which numbers are written by the players. However, it hush up shows some administrative overhead such as a bookkeeping person that takes stock of all things happening within the supply chain using a computer. While this functions as a implicit in(p) safety net in case something goes wrong, it is still a hurdle to the application in a classroom setting and it also slows down the game, which results in long sessions and the students being bored throughout the game. Henceforth, I have adapted the table version and essentially eliminated the bookkeeper in order to arrive at a more straightforward proficiency of the game. The 592risk however is that students make mistakes in calculating order amounts or stock levels using the paper play sheet. While it helps to start slowly and to doublecheck the play sheet calculations during the first few rounds, in a few of my first beergame applications some people indeed miscalculated stock levels, which led to problems wi th construe the info later on. For this reason, today I use MS Excel and a laptop computer on each table for people to fill in their play sheets this effectively eliminates the risk and ensures a quick progression of the game (see appendix 1 for a play sheet example). 3.1.2 Schedule of a beergame session The first step in administering the beergame is the preparations of the tables. As is illustrated in figure 2, four fields have to be marked on each table, which is done by fixing to the table 4 sheets of paper using sticky tape. The same is done with the delay fields. Furthermore, cardboard boxes (or plasticcups) and envelopes have to be filled with small paper slips to pre- signise the supply chain with orders and deliveries. Then, every table has to be prepared with a muss of order and delivery slips that will be used by the players during the game. Finally, paper slips with the external demand progression (see above) have to be prepared that are handed to the retailer groups during the game. Also, for administering more than one supply chain, (student) assistants are ask to help with moving boxes and envelopes during the game. The second step is briefing the students in doing so I provide a short introduction to the idea of the game, its history, structure, and rules (see above). When playing in more than one supply chain I stress the fact that groups of each stage are competing with one another (e.g. retailer vs. retailer), in order to get the students to take playing seriously. The third step is to start playing some initial trial rounds with the pre-initialised supply chain and to make sure that everyone gets used to filling in play sheets and order/delivery slips. Then, in the fourth step, the speed of playing the game is increased and the game is played for a number of 40 to 50 rounds. The game is then stopped abruptly so that the students do not have time to react strategically to the coming end of the game. The fifth and final part of the sessio n is a short discussion directly after the game, where I ask students how they felt throughout the game and what they think the average customer demand was. The next session after the beergame session is the debriefing session, for which the info that the groups produced throughout the game has to be consolidated, plotted and analysed. Typical beergame results and their creation are presented in the next section the debriefing session is described in section 4.3.2 Typical progression and results of a beergame session both beergame session follows roughly the same scheme, so that the progression of the game shows a recurring pattern. I usually start playing the game at a slow pace for people to get used to moving objects, taking stock and filling in the play sheets. What typically happens during these first few rounds is that people try to get rid of some of the inventory (e.g. 15 units) in order to manage their costs therefrom they ofttimes only place small orders in the beginning (for an example see weeks 1-7 in figure 3).Consequently, when the customer demand jumps to the higher level in round 6 the supply chain has adjusted to a low demand scenario. After the steep increase many retailer groups tend to wait one or two rounds in order to see if the increase is permanent (as in figure 3). When they then place the first large order they invariably initiate a bullwhip effect that perpetuates through593out the chain. Typically, the order amount increases with every stage in the supply chain (as in figure 3). What happens then is that the groups move deeply into backorder (see figure 4), because due to the delivery delays it takes quite some time for the beer to move through the supply chain to the retail end. Getting increasingly desperate players often try to send signals and place more large orders in the end they typically lose track of what they have ordered and order way too oftentimes. The consequence is that the supply chain is flooded with beer and th e inventories overflow (see weeks 2035 in figure 4). The effect is that people cease ordering entirely e.g. a lot of very small orders are placed. This is especially true for the higher stages of the supply chain (see table 1). In the end, while the retailer groups often manage to stabilise their business, the higher stages have no idea of the actual customer demand and are left frustrated. Bullwhip Effect70 60 50CustomerOrders 40 30 20 10 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 WeekRetailer Wholesaler Distributor FactoryFigure 3 Plot of order distribution, visualising the bullwhip effect Figure 3 shows the order distribution over 40 weeks and a typical bullwhip effect. Figure 4 shows the inventory fluctuation, with negative inventory representing back order. Table 1 finally shows the decrease in customer demand information upstream visualised by the average order amount by the four stages of the supply chain in this example. More importantly, theincrease in order f luctuation upstream the supply chain is illustrated by the largest amount having been ordered in each stage and the number of small orders that were placed. This translates into an increase in inventory fluctuation as well. All this information is being used in the following debriefing session to discuss the bullwhip effect, its implications and the reasons for its existence.594Out of stock = Serious lack of do level200 150 100 stock list50 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 -50 -100 -150 WeekRetailerWholesalerDistributorFactoryFigure 4 Example of inventory fluctuation (negative inventory = backorder) Key figures Retailer Wholesaler Distributor Factory order amount (units of beer)8.338.688.759.95Largest order amount25405060 noof small orders (0-2 units)4111418 catalogue fluctuation range8481170165Table 1 Example of key figures elicitd from the beergame4 Learning from the beergame resultsHaving presented the way in which the beergame is administered and a typi cal progression of the game and its results, I will now first show how a debriefing session can be used to illustrate supply chain coordination problems and to derive typical causes for the creation of the bullwhip effect. Based on these causes one can then quite easily motivate eCommerce measures and ICT-based supply chain restore initiatives that aim at reducing the bullwhip effect and meliorate supply chain coordination.4.1 The debriefing sessionThe debriefing session follows the beergame session (see appendix 2). I usually begin the session with a brief discussion of students experiences throughout the game. Typically, the following questions are being discussed Did you touch sensation yourself controlled by forces in the system from time to time? Or did you feel in control? Did you find yourself blaming the groups next to you for your problems? Did you feel desperation at any time? This discussion typically shows that people indeed were blaming their neighbouring supply chai n partners for not doing their jobs right (either not ordering in a 595sensible way or not being able to deliver) desperation and frustration are common feelings during the last rounds of the game. A first teaching from this discussion is that it is the structure of the game (i.e. the supply chain) that causes the behaviour. This is precisely what its inventor (Forrester) intended to achieve and what is referred to as the effect of systems dynamics. A second set of questions can then be discussed in order to forge upon the beergame itself and its heighten of simulating real world conditions What, if anything, is unrealistic about this game? why are there order delays? Why are there production delays? Shipping delays? Why have both distributor and wholesalers why not ship beer directly from the factory to the retailer? Must the brewer be concerned with the management of the raw materials suppliers? Using these questions and by stressing the fact that real-life supply chains are much more complex (a colossal variety of products and supply chain partners exist, as well as complex criss-crossing networks of relationships) the students can quickly be convinced that real-life conditions favour the emergence of the bullwhip to a much greaterextent and that the beergame is indeed a corking vehicle to simulate the creation of the effect. Having established this necessary bit of legitimisation, the session can then proceed with presenting the beergame results and with identifying the central causes. Hence, the next step essentially is to present, for all supply chain groups, the info (table 1) and figures (3 and 4) presented above. In doing so, I typically have a very interactive and lively discussion. I ask what people view while playing the game and what led them to, for example, place a huge order at a particular point in the game. In discussing the extreme examples, the class usually shares a laugh, which, as a nice by-product, considers to a more casual atmosphere and contributes to setting an open tone for the remainder of the course. I also honour the winning supply chain teams at this point in time. This is also the time where I introduce the concept of cumulated supply chain cost, e.g. by pointing out that the product at the customer end has to earn all (cumulated) costs of all supply chain parties this insight serves as a first step in establishing the idea of globular thinking and chainwide optimization, which essentially requires eCollaboration technologies. At this point in the session one can then either go straight to identifying the causes and effects of the bullwhip effect (see below), or take a little (useful) detour in discussing a teaching case to keep the results and to give the results of the beergame some more credibility. In doing so, I use the case of Italian pasta manufacturing business Barilla, one of the first documented cases in which a company launched a project to identify the causes of the bullwhip effe ct and to introduce some countermeasures (see Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky & Simchi-Levi 2003, p. 91).4.2 Identifying the causes of the bullwhip effectThe bullwhip effect, as simulated in the beergame, is mainly caused by three underlying problems 1) a lack of information, 2) the structure of the supply chain and 3) a lack of collaboration and global optimisation. These three causes can be identify in an interactive session with the students by discussing the beergame experiences and then be corroborated with insights from practice and the literature. 5964.2.1 Lack of information In the beergame no information except for theorder amount is perpetuated up the supply chain. Henceforth, most information about customer demand is quickly lost upstream in the supply chain. Moreover, no other information is being shared. With these characteristics the beergame simulates supply chains with low levels of trust, where only little information is being shared between the parties. Without actual custom er demand information, all forecasting has to rely entirely on the incoming orders at each supply chain stage. In reality, in such a situation traditional forecasting methods and stock keeping strategies contribute to creating the bullwhip effect (Lee, Padmanabhan & Whang 1997a Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky & SimchiLevi 2003). Unexpected increases in orders from downstream partners translate into make up higher order increases upstream, because when players regard the increase to be permanent and want to avoid running out of stock, they need to update their safety stock levels hence they place an even larger order. Later, when it discharges out that an increase was only temporary, safety stock levels are lowered and players might order nothing for a while, hence contributing to the bullwhip effect. 4.2.2 Supply chain structure The supply chain structure, with its design as separate stages and the long lead times, contributes to the bullwhip effect. The chronic the lead time, i.e. the l onger it takes for an order to travel upstream and the subsequent delivery to travel downstream, the more aggravated the bullwhip effect is likely to be. With traditional ordering, the point in time where an order is typically placed (the order point) is usually calculated by multiplying the forecasted demand with the lead time plus the safety stock amount, so that an order is placed so far in advance as to ensure service level during the time until the delivery is expected to arrive (Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky & Simchi-Levi 2003). Hence, the longer the lead time is, the more pronounced an order will be as an reaction to an increase in forecasted demand (especially in conjunction with updating the safety stock levels, see above), which again contributes to the bullwhip effect. 4.2.3 topical anesthetic optimisation local anesthetic optimisation, in terms of local forecasting and individual cost optimisation, and a lack of cooperation are at the heart of the bullwhip problem. A good exam ple for local optimisation is the mountain order phenomenon. In practice, ordering entails fix cost, e.g. ordering in full truck loads is cheaper then ordering smaller amounts. Furthermore, many suppliers offer volume discounts when ordering largeramounts. Hence, there is a certain incentive for individual players to hold back orders and only place aggregate orders. This behaviour however aggravates the problem of demand forecasting, because very little information about actual demand is transported in such batch orders. And batch ordering, of course, contributes directly to the bullwhip effect by unnecessarily inflating the orders. This might lead to lower local cost in the short term, but translates into higher overall cost at the chain level.4.3 eCommerce measures to tackle the bullwhip effectHaving identified and discussed the three problem areas with regard to both the beergame and their real-world counterparts, I then present three areas of improvement that directly correspo nd to the three problem areas 1) information sharing in terms of electronic selective information interchange, 2) ICT-enabled supply chain re597design, and 3) supply chain collaboration for global optimisation (see figure 5). In terms of teaching, these three bundles of eCommerce measures and initiatives can then be briefly introduced in one session (see appendix 3) or in more (technical and organisational) detail in three separate sessions (see appendix 2). In the following sections I give a brief overview of what can be part of those sessions.1 discipline loss upstream the supply chainWithout direct communication, forecasting is based on aggregated, inaccurate information. This causes large stock, high cost, poor service levels. Improvement Efficient communication and information sharing2Supply chain structure ache lead times lead to increasing variability upstream making intend nearly unsurmountable large safety stock is required, variability increased. Slow downstream product flow causes poor service levels. Improvement Supplychain redesign processes, tasks & roles3Local optimizationIndependent planning and local optimization lead to inefficiencies, such as local forecasting, batch ordering, inflated orders, etc.ImprovementCooperation to achieve global optimizationFigure 5 Summary of bullwhip causes and areas of improvement 4.3.1 Efficient communication One of the most basic learnings from the beergame is to improve information sharing along the supply chain (e.g. of point-of-sale customer demand data) information sharing is the first step towards more advanced supply chain coordination (Muckstadt et al. 2001). Henceforth, the first step in teaching eCommerce measures is to present the principles and technologies of electronic data interchange. In doing so, I first of all discuss with the students the principles of digitally mediated replenishment of goods by Johnston (1999), essentially a collection of principles for effective inter-organisational elect ronic data interchange, such as the once-only data entry principle or the synchronicity principle. Based on these fundamental principles I discuss the ways in which traditional document-based ordering can be amend using electronic data interchange. While these topics might seem to be outdated from a advance(a) information systems perspective, it lays the foundation for a step-by-step increase of complexity that aims at providing the students with a more solid knowledge of the problems and ideas behind ICT-enabled supply chain reform than can be achieved by a simple presentation of the latest communication technologies. The next step in this endeavour is to introduce technologies that are needed to enable effective inter-firm data interchange and electronic ordering, such as product numbering schemes and robotic product identification technologies. In most supply chains physical products have to be handled hence ways are needed to attach information to theseobjects. Consequently, I introduce the following technologies Standardised product numbering schemes Here, the history, proliferation, functioning and impact of numbering schemes such as the Universal Product Code (UPC), the European Article Numbering (EAN) code and more special598ised codes like for example container codes (SSCC) are introduced. Most of these codes today are administered by the standardisation organisation GS1 (2005). Automated product identification technologies The technology with the greatest diffusion in the market is the barcode while specialised barcodes exist in some industries, the most common one is the UCC/EAN-128 (Coyle, Bardi & Langley 1996). The second, much newer technology to be discussed here is Radio Frequency based naming (RFID). Electronic info commutation (EDI) EDI is the basis for electronic ordering. Here, traditional EDI standards, such as the UN/EDIFACT, which was jointly developed by ISO and the UN (Coyle, Bardi & Langley 1996), can be discussed, as well a s newer techniques such as Internet-based WebEDI and XML-enabled order exchange. In discussions with the students these enabling communication and data exchange technologies can then be related back to the beergame experience in that they 1) speed up the order process, thus reducing lead time and 2) enable more sophisticated information sharing of POS data. Moreover, they are the basis for the next step, the ICT-enabled redesign of supply chain structures. 4.3.2 ICT-enabled supply chain reform initiatives The second twist prevent in dealing with the bullwhip effect comprises a range of different supply chain reform initiatives that can be subsumed under the concept of efficient replenishment. As such, two distinct types of measures can be distinguished 1) inventory management concepts that aim at changing the ways in which actors in the supply chain carry out their roles of stock keeping and ordering and 2) logistics concepts that aim at improving actual material and information f low. Efficient inventory management is based on the idea that suppliers have timely access to POS data and can thus eliminate traditional forecasting and change the way ordering and inventory management is carried out (Lee, Padmanabhan & Whang 1997b). Three concepts with increasing degrees of complexity can be distinguished Quick Response The idea behind this concept is for the supplier to become more responsive to changes in customer demand through thesharing of POS data. Retailers still prepare individual orders, but suppliers are better prepared. Continuous rehabilitation Suppliers continually receive POS data from retailers to prepare shipments at agreed-upon levels. Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) Under this initiative the suppliers manage all inventory aspects for their own products at the retailer end. Suppliers decide on shipment levels without any orders from the retail end to be placed. In fact, the retailer has very little to do with the operational aspects in VMI (Wa ller, Johnson & Davis 1999). The second type of efficient replenishment measures is efficient logistics (see Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky & Simchi-Levi 2003). Here, two main building blocks can be discussed Warehousing and delivery concepts Depending on the kinds of goods that are moved along the supply chain, different kinds of warehousing and delivery can be applied in order to achieve an optimal flow of goods. Cross docking is a concept in which warehouses function as inventory coordination points rather than actual inventory storage points hence, goods are only re-shuffled 599between trucks coming in from suppliers and trucks leaving for stores. This instrument can be used for fast selling products. For bulk products central warehousing can be used while fresh products benefit from direct delivery. Full-blown just-in-time delivery (JIT) Most commonly found in the automotive labor, just-in-time describes a concept, whereby supplier and manufacturer align their logistics and productio n processes to a degree that no (or very little) inventory is needed. Goods can be directly delivered from the production at the supplier to arrive just in time to be used in production at the manufacturer end (e.g. Johnson & Wood 1996). changing the way in which inventory is managed means to effectively change the supply chain structure. For example, by implementing VMI the supply chain partners eliminate one stage of ordering, thus eradicating one step in the typical bullwhip chain of events. Moreover, by speeding up product flows using the logistics concepts lead time is being reduced, which in turn softens the bullwhip effect. Consequently, all measures discussed in this section can be directly motivated by the beergame. In presenting this block to the students I also point out, for every singly concept, the role of information systems and eBusiness technologies. 4.3.3 eCollaboration jointplanning and global optimisation The third block of eBusiness measures for tackling the bu llwhip effect is the most sophisticated one and builds on the first two blocks. Global optimisation of supply chain processes can only be achieved through the collaboration of supply chain partners under a joint initiative. I present the Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) initiative as an example from the Grocery assiduity (VICS 2001) and also discuss (sometimes only briefly) joint product phylogenesis initiatives in the automotive industry. CPFR as a concept builds on and extends concepts such as VMI by aiming at establishing a long-term planning of joint promotion activities. CPFR is based on the observation that a combination of inventory management and logistics concepts (see section 4.3.2 above) can reduce the bullwhip effect for day-to-day deliveries, but that these concepts still can not cope with demand variations induced by promotion activities. Hence, CPFR aims at jointly planning promotions and to create transparency as to the expected demand in creases induced by these promotions. The concept is based on the use of shared eMarketplace infrastructures, which I also discuss in some detail in this section. Again, the application of eCommerce technologies can be nicely illustrated using the beergame. 4.3.4 Summary The discussion of the three building blocks of eCommerce measures culminates in the development and presentation of an integrated model of eCommerce-based supply chain management informed by the key learnings from the beergame. The model is presented in figure 6. Following the line of argument in the last sections, it becomes obvious that the beergame can be used to motivate and substantiate large parts of a typical eCommerce masters course (as in appendix 2). In the next section I draw some final conclusions and briefly reflect upon the use of the beergame in a classroom setting.600Supply Chain cleanse Initiatives Supply Chain Reform Initiatives Tactics Operations InfrastructureImprovements ImprovementsSuppy Chain Suppy Chain problems & problems & trade-offs trade-offsInformation loss adjunction PlanningCPFR (promotions, product introduction), Category Mgmt, Production schedulingCollaborationStrategic alliances for global optimizationEfficient ReplenishmentInventory Management Quick Response, CRP, VMI, SBTRedesignICT-enabled supply Chain re-structuringS.C. structureMaterials & information flow Direct delivery, Warehousing, X-dockingLocal optimizationCommunicationInformation sharing, Electronic orderingEfficient CommunicationsInfrastructure, EDI, AutoID, Product numbering, Process simplificationsFigure 6 A comprehensive eCommerce and supply chain model5 Conclusion and outlookI have introduced the beergame and demonstrated its usefulness in teaching B2B eCommerce and supply chain management. To the present day, I have used the beergame mainly in eCommerce masters courses at different Universities in different national contexts. The experiences and also the teaching evaluations have ever been p ositive and very encouraging. While I believe that the beergame, and the way it is introduce in my B2B eCommerce syllabus,works well in providing students with both a profound understanding of the underlying wisdoms of eCommerce, as well as with a good overview of eCommerce measures, there is more to it than that. Playing the beergame is great fun, for the teacher and for the students, and it is always a good experience in itself. As such, the beergame is also very helpful for the general course atmosphere and the creation of positive team dynamics in the group. For the future, we are working on a parcel version of the beergame, which can be used in a classroom setting in the same interactive role-play style, but avoid some of the still remaining problems of the table version. While software versions today only provide a simulation (instead of role-play) mode and are not built for classroom use, a client-server software version of the game might replace the cumbersome logistics as pects (the moving of boxes) and help in gathering data that can be used for debriefing straight away. Moreover, it would be great to be able to play the beergame with different setups, e.g. with implementing effective sharing of (customer demand and inventory) data in order to demonstrate, in a second round of play, the usefulness of information sharing in reducing the bullwhip effect. To this end, our software will be flexible enough to incorporate such exploration of different supply chain modalities.11For further information please see http//www.beergame.org. 601Appendix 1 Beergame play sheet The following table shows the play sheet of a retailer group that was filled in during a beergame session. The incoming order column shows the external customer demand with its increase in round 6. During the game the students only have to fill in the white columns the incoming delivery and the incoming order are taken from the incoming paper slips, while in the your order column the studen ts have to fill in their order last for the respective weeks. Having done that, the play sheet shows exactly what has to be written on the outgoing order and delivery slips (in the dark columns). All orange columns are calculated automatically, so that students can easily keep track of their inventory and cost progression. After the beergame this data is then put together andconsolidated with the data that was collected in the play sheets of the other groups of the same supply chain. It is then plotted to create figures 3 and 4 and table 1 (see above). WeekIncoming deliverance for saleIncoming OrderYour DeliveryBackorderInventoryCost7,5 15 22,5 30 35 37 40 45 49 52 64 78 86 100 118 137 159 180 201 223 244 265 283 295 303 316 317,5 321 324,5 328 331,5 335 338,5 342 345,5 348,5 351 353 355 357Your OrderPlease fill out play slips Delivery Order0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 405 5 5 5 0 3 2 7 10 10 0 7 15 3 5 8 6 10 9 8 10 9 12 15 13 4 25 13 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 920 20 20 20 15 13 6 7 10 10 0 7 15 3 5 8 6 10 9 8 10 9 12 15 13 4 25 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 14 13 13 135 5 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 995 5 5 5 5 9 6 7 10 10 0 7 15 3 5 8 6 10 9 8 10 9 12 15 13 4 22 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 90 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 3 12 14 8 14 18 19 22 21 21 22 21 21 18 12 8 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 015 15 15 15 15 10 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 4 4 40 3 2 7 7 12 5 10 10 6 5 7 15 25 15 5 5 6 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 95 5 5 5 5 9 6 7 10 10 0 7 15 3 5 8 6 10 9 8 10 9 12 15 13 4 22 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 90 3 2 7 7 12 5 10 10 6 5 7 15 25 15 5 5 6 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9602Appendix 2 Syllabus for a beergame-based B2B course The following table gives an overview of how the beergame can be incorporated in a typical (B2B) eCommerce (masters) course (e.g. 12 weeks with 3 hour sessions). The beer game and the subsequent modules can cover up to 6 sessions. After presenting the three blocks with eCommerce improvements, an additional session can be used to discuss management challenges of inter-firm collaboration, covering issues such as trust, managing interfaces, ICT standards etc. end-to-end the course, cases from the grocery and the automotive industries might be used for illustration purposes and to facilitate discussions. Depending on the setting, background readings might also be handed out to the students. Sessions (3 hours) Topics / session contents1. Beergame sessiona. Introduction to supply chains (why have supply chains?) b. Beergame introduction (setup, structure, rules of the game) c. Playing the game (40-50 rounds) d. Brief discussion afterwards2. questiona. give-and-take of experiences and game setup b. Presentation and discussion of beergame data (results) c. Teaching case Barilla bullwhip causes optional d. Identification of the three main causes of the bul lwhip effect e. Short presentation of three areas of improvement and the schedule for the next three sessions3. Information sharinga. Short discussion why is information sharing important? b. Principles of electronic data sharing c. Attaching information to physical goods standardised product numbering, Automated product identification technologies barcodes, RFID d. Electronic Data Interchange EDI, WebEDI, XML-based ordering4. Supply chain reforma. Overview efficient replenishment initiatives b. Efficient inventory management Quick Response, Continuous Replenishment, Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) c. Efficient Logistics Warehousing, Direct Delivery, CrossDocking d. Just-in-Time Delivery in the automotive industry Kanban5. eCollaborationa. eCollaboration in the supply chain idea and philosophy b. Collaborative Planning Forecasting & Replenishment (CPFR) c. Joint product development in the automotive industry6. Management of inter-firm collaborationa. Complexities of supply chain refo rm initiatives b. The role of trust and social capital in inter-firm relationships c. Interoperability of ICT d. Managing inter-firm interfaces603Appendix 3 Session outline for a beergame-based workshop The following table shows a short workshop format based on the beergame. such a workshop can be incorporated in other (general IS) courses or be a stand-alone event, for example as an executive teaching offering. The workshop is essentially made up of two sessions the actual beergame session and a combined debriefing and learnings session. As an example industry the Grocery industry can be used to illustrate the application of the eCommerce initiatives and technologies. Sessions (3 hours) Topics / session contents1. Beergame sessiona. Introduction to supply chains (why have supply chains?) b. Beergame introduction (setup, structure, rules of the game) c. Playing the game (40 rounds) d. Discussion of experiences and game setup2. Debriefing & eCommerce initiativesa. Presentation and discussion of beergame data (results) b. Identification of the three main causes of the bullwhip effect c. Discussion of three areas of improvement a. Information sharing Product numbering, AutoID, EDI b. Supply chain reform Inventory management & logistics concepts c. eCollaboration CPFRd. Complexities of supply chain reform initiatives604References Chopra, S., Meindl, P. (2001) Supply-Chain Management, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Coakley, J. R., Drexler Jr., J. A., Larson, E. W., Kircher, A. E. (1998) Using a computer-based version of the beer game Lessons learned, journal of Management Education, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 416-424. Coyle, J. J., Bardi, E. J., Langley, C. J. (1996) The Management of Business Logistics (6th Ed.), St. Paul. Forrester, J. W. (1957) Industrial Dynamics. A major breakthrough for decision makers, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 37-66. Forrester, J. W. 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